Dzheyms Dzhoul: biography, ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao

Pea i reira he kahore tangata e kore e mohio ki te ingoa o Dzheyms Dzhoul. Opening o ahupūngao tono nga wahi katoa. E ara ko te kaipūtaiao? He aha ngā āhuatanga i hanga e ia?

Ko te ora o te ahupūngao tairanga

Hakihea 24, 1818 whanau ko Dzheyms Dzhoul. haamata Biography ahupūngao i mua nei i roto i te pa Ingarihi o Salford, i te hapu o te rangatira o te waipiro angitu. puta te ako Boy i roto i te kāinga, i te ahupūngao me te matū whakaako ia Dzhon Dalton. Ngā mihi ki a ia, te ahupūngao Ingarihi, a hinga i roto i te aroha ki te pūtaiao.

kihai i Hoera whai hauora pai, he rota o te wa noho ia i te kāinga, te whakahaere whakamātautau tinana me ngā. Kua i roto i te 15 tau, e tika ana ki te mate o tona papa, i ia ki te whakahaere i te waipiro ki tona teina. Mahi i roto i te wheketere o tona papa i hanga e taea ki te haere ki te whare wānanga, kia te katoa hoatu Dzheyms Dzhoul ki te taiwhanga kāinga.

Mai i 1838 ki te 1847 te ahupūngao kaha ako hiko, me te hanga i ana whakatutukitanga pūtaiao tuatahi. Nga meatanga hautaka o Hiko, whakaputaina ana e ia he tuhinga e pā ana ki te hiko, a i roto i te 1841 whakatuwheratia i te ture hou tinana e faaite i teie nei tona ingoa.

I roto i te 1847, faaoti Hoera te faaipoiporaa tuatahi me anake ki Ameliey Grayms. Hohoro e whanau ratou Elis Ameliya me Bendzhamin Artur. I roto i te 1854, kua patua taku wahine, me te tama. Joel ia mate i roto i 1889 i roto i Ingarangi, i roto i Harema.

I roto i tona ora katoa whakaputaina e ia e pā ana ki 97 pepa i runga i te ahupūngao, etahi o ratou kua oti te tuhituhi i roto i te mahi tahi ki ētahi atu pūtaiao: .. Lyon, Thomson, etc. hoki whakatutukitanga pūtaiao tino, me te whakatuwhera i nga ture o te ahupūngao, i whakawhiwhia ia e rave rahi mētara ka riro he penihana ora i te kāwanatanga o Ingarangi i roto i te nui o e pā ana ki 200 pauna.

mahi Ko te tuatahi, me ngā

Mātakitaki i te engines korohū i waipiro o tona papa, faaoti Dzheyms Dzhoul ki te whakakapi a ratou ki te hiko mō te tōtika. I roto i te 1838 whakaputaina e ia i roto i te tuhinga hautaka pūtaiao i roto i nei mō ia te pūrere ratou whakaaro te nekeneke hiko. I te tau 1840, te waipiro, motors hiko hou me physicists tonu ki ako i te hiko tuku nāianei, me te wera. I muri ka tahuri te reira i roto i taua nui atu pai i nga engines korohū.

I roto i te ngā, hangaia e joule ine pāmahana e taea te ine i pāmahana ki roto i 1/200 o te tohu. Tenei taea ki a ia ruku hōhonu ia ki te ako o te pānga joule. I te tau 1840, te whakawhetai ki te kitea roa-whānui, kitea te ahupūngao te pānga tōpuni autō. I roto i te taua tau ka tukua reira ki te pepa Royal Society "I te hanganga o te wera i te tikanga o te nāianei hiko." E kore te tuhinga i mauruuru. Panuitia whakaae reira anake Manchester Literary me moheni Philosophical.

Joule-Lenz

Tē Mōhiotia tuhinga London Scientific Society muri whakamatauria ki te kia kotahi o nga whakatutukitanga matua o te kaipūtaiao. I roto i te tuhinga korero Dzheyms Dzhoul e pā ana ki te hononga i waenganui i te nāianei, me te nui o te whakatupuranga wera. tohe ia e te nui o te wera tukua e te i roto i te kaiwhakahaere, ko te tika hautanga ki te ātete o te kaiwhakahaere, te tapawha o te rahi me te wa o te wahi o nāianei.

I tenei wa, whakawhanakehia te ariā taua Emiliy Lents. Ko te take i te kawe ia o te kaiwhakahaere konganuku tei runga i te pāmahana, kitea rite wawe rite 1832 te ahupūngao Russian. Hei whakatau tika te pāmahana i roto i te pūtaiao kaiwhakahaere mea whakaaro he ipu motuhake, ki tonu nei i te waipiro. Waea i roto i nei te maturuturu iho te nāianei ki te oko. Next pupuri reira ara o pehea waipiro roa mahana ake. Dzheyms Preskott joule whakamahia he tikanga rite, engari ka rite ki te wai mā te whakamahi i te wai.

Ko nga hua o nga tau o te rangahau Lenz whakaputaina anake i roto i te 1843, engari ko tona mahi rangahau pūtaiao tika atu atu i te joule, mahi nei i te tuatahi e kore i tae noa hiahia ki te tā. Homai te tuatahi o joule me tātaitanga tika Emiliya Lentsa, i whakaritea e te reira ki te ingoa i te ture i roto i te honore o rua. Neke atu i te wa, tīmataria te joule-Lenz thermodynamics.

magnetostriction

I roto i te whakarara ki te āhuatanga o te Dzheyms hiko Dzhoul nāianei ako ari autō. I roto i te 1842, e ai ta ia, rerekē e rino i roto i te rahi i raro i te mana o ngaru autō. Ki te whakanohoia nga rakau whakarewa i roto i te papa autō, ka waiho he iti bit atu tona roa.

ruarua te hapori pūtaiao te oraraa i konei o te kuwaha. Te huri i te rahi o te rakau i na iti e kore e mohio a reira e te kanohi tangata te reira. Ko kua whakawhanakehia te ahupūngao te tikanga motuhake e ai riro taunakitanga mārama.

I muri ka tahuri te reira i roto i taua whai tenei pānga atu konganuku, a huaina te āhuatanga magnetostriction. Na ki te whakatuwhera i kitea te joule maha whakamahinga. Hei tauira, ki te rauemi waveguide ine i te taumata wai i roto i te waka tauā he konganuku magnetostrictive. Kei te whakamahia i tēnei āhuatanga mō te hanga o ngā tapanga i roto i ngā pūnaha antikrazhevyh.

Ngā ki hau

I roto i te 40s te kaha te tūhura Dzheyms Dzhoul nga āhuatanga o te hau, ara nga ari e pā ana ki tona hōrapatanga, ngā hukihuki. whakahaere e ia ngā ki te toronga o te hau tukua, ko te kupu ana tona pūngao ā- kore e whakawhirinaki i runga i rōrahi. Nui ko anake te pāmahana hau.

I roto i te 1848, ko Hoera te wa tuatahi i roto i te aamu o te ahupūngao ki te ine i te tere o te rāpoi ngota hau. Tenei wheako ko te mahi wawe i runga i te ariā neke o hau, hoatu whanaketanga mō te rangahau anō i roto i tenei rohe. tonu te mahi i muri mai joule te Scot Dzheyms Maksvell.

i te ingoa hoki ona takoha pūtaiao nui i roto i te honore o te ahupūngao Ingarihi te kōwae o mahi, me te nui o te pūngao wera - joule.

Joule ko Thomson

He pānga nui i runga i nga mahi o te joule me tona āhukahuka i roto i te ao pūtaiao i Uilyam Tomson. tutaki Scientists i roto i 1847, i te māngai Hoera e te British Association o Scientists pūrongo i runga i te inenga o te ōrite aunoa o te wera.

I mua kahore e Thomson joule tangohia tino i roto i ngā porowhita pūtaiao. Ko wai e matau ana, pea e kore i mohiotia e matou kitea e ia nga ture o te ahupūngao, ki te kahore i faataa Uilyam Tomas ratou te faufaa o "snobs" o te hapori o Ingarangi.

Fakataha ako āhuatanga ahupūngao hau tuwhera, i te matao o te hau e te throttling adiabatic. Ko, heke te pāmahana o te hau (ranei wai) te i roto i te irava i roto i te orifice (piha kiriweti). i huaina tītohunga ko pānga joule-Thomson. Na whakamahia tenei tītohunga te ki whiwhi pāmahana iti.

Kua whai wāhi hoki Scientists i roto i te tauine thermodynamic, ko muri i te taitara o te Ariki Kelvin, i no ki William Thomson.

Whakaaetanga o James joule

Rongonui me āhukahuka mau ano te ahupūngao Ingarangi. I roto i te 50-doma o te rau tau XIX, ka ia he mema o te Royal Society, a ka whakawhiwhia i te Royal Medal. I roto i te 1866 riro ia te Copley Medal, a ka Albert Medal.

E rave rahi taime ka joule peresideni o te British Science Association. I whakawhiwhia e ia te tohu mātauranga o Doctor o ture i roto i College Dublin, Edinburgh me whare wänanga Oxford.

I roto i tona kororia he whakapakoko i roto i te whare pa i roto i Manchester, me te whakamahara i roto i Westminster Abbey. I te taha ki whakamuri o te rua marama vai James joule.

mutunga

huaina te pūtaiao rongonui, ko tona ingoa ko te ture o te ahupūngao, me te kore i taea e te wae riro whakaaetanga. Ngā mihi ki tona manawanui me te mahi pakeke, e kore ia i feaa ki maha rahunga. I roto i te mutunga i whakamatauria e ia tika i roto i tona wahi i raro i te ra, ranei i te iti rawa i te rua kaupeka.