Geoecology - reira ... He aha Akoranga geoecology

Geoecology pūtaiao - he ako i te atanga o rauropi me te matawhenua. I roto i tona anga, ako matou te hanganga, hanganga me ngā tukanga o te nohonga tangata. Kei te mahi tohunga i roto i tenei mara ki te tiaki i te ao koiora i huringa kino meinga e mahi ohaoha tangata.

kaupapa o te ako

Ko te mahi matua o tohunga i roto i te mara o te geo-rauropi, ko te ki te kitea he ngātahitia i waenganui i te taupori, production me te āhua. Ki te mahi i tenei, ako ratou nga puna o te pānga tangata i runga i te taiao, ratou tohatoha mokowā, me te pae tino, me te kaha. Rangahau Ko te whakangaromanga o ngā taiao māori, me te wāhanga te aroturuki i runga i o ratou akiaki.

Ko te kawenga i runga i te geoecosystem - ko tenei te mea e ako geo-rauropi. Hoki tenei whakaaro, tātari reira te whakautu o kaiao ora ki te pā o ratou tukanga hangarau. Scientists whakatau, matapae me te aromātai pānga horonga. Ko te hua o to ratou mahi, kia rite ki te tikanga, ko reira faaineineraa o tūtohutanga, i whakatakotoria atu te pehea pai ki te whakamahi i GEOECOSYSTEM.

I roto i te pūtaiao

Mai i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te whakarōpū pūtaiao o te geo-rauropi - rauropi ko te kupu si'i katoa (i ētahi wā i huaina megaekologiey). Ka rite ki ki nga ako, he reira ona ake ahanoa motuhake o te ako. I roto i tenei take geoecology teitei rauwiringa kaiao taumata aroākapa (hei tauira Mainland, ao koiora, biome, moana).

He atu tata tuu i te ako o te pūtaiao. I tua atu, geo-rauropi - geography ko te wha o te wāhanga (me ki te ōhanga, ā-tinana, me te pāpori). Otiia e kore e katoa te e. tu'ati Geoecology te ki tātai - Rangahau reira te taiao arowhenua me ona hononga ki ētahi atu pāpāho, tae atu i te wai ōnuku, huru me te ao koiora. aromatawai ana tēnei ako te pānga tangata i runga i te katoa o ratou.

te ako rohe

Ko te take i ako geo-taupuhi kaiao, rerekē āhua pūnahanaha (enei he, mo te tauira, te pāhekoheko o te taiao abiotic me kaiao ora). Tüturu, kua whakaurua kaipūtaiao he wā hou mō tenei pūtaiao. Tenei GEOECOSYSTEM e hua i te pāhekoheko o te wai ōnuku, ao koiora me te huru o te lithosphere. Ano, kua kite te reira i rite te hua o te tukinga o te natura, me te hapori. Ko te putanga ko te ahua o to ratou taunekeneke tuwhera, me te kati pūnaha geoenvironmental.

Ka rite ki tetahi atu te ako rohe, whakamahi tenei pūtaiao nga tikanga rangahau o te natura rerekē. Geoecology - he pūnaha e kore e taea te whakaahuatia e tetahi anake tohu, e te tikanga e i roto i tenei take titau te tuitui o te arowhenua, geography, taiao, me te tahi atu wāhanga o te matauranga tangata.

raruraru ao, me te ao

Hono ako Geography me tāutu Geo rua ngā momo o ngā raruraru. Ka taea te wehea ratou ki ao, me te ao. Ko te rōpū tuatahi ngā raruraru e pa ana i te ecosphere katoa (tauira - te pānga kōtuhi). E te momo ao e toutou ngā kino i roto i putanga rerekē. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te whakaiti o te kanorau o te ora i runga i te whenua, me te whakangaromanga o te kahu Ozone o te ao.

tokanga makehe ki te matawhenua, me te geo-rauropi Tari utua ki nga raruraru o te kinonga oneone. Ko te ino o tona kounga arata'i ki te hekenga i roto i hua. Ka rite ki te tikanga, meinga te kinonga i te mahi ohaoha tangata. Otiia, tona tohe, a ka taea e te mahi rite te take tūturu (horo, haumātakataka, hūnga, me pera i runga i. D.).

te mau parau tumu rangahau

I roto i te geoecologists He maha ngā parau tumu matua rangahau. Ko te tuatahi o ratou - te rohe. E te reira ki pūkete nga tikanga geo-rauropi rohe. hāngai parau tumu Historical te i runga i te tātaritanga o te take o te hanganga o te pūnaha, me te huru o tona whanaketanga. I roto i te ako o tohunga tango ano ki pūkete tona hanganga, akiakinga me ngā tukanga mahi. Ko tētahi o nga turanga o taua rangahau ko te mahere whenua.

Geo-rauropi, taiao, me te rohe ki a ratou e kore e taea e pūtaiao tau'a ore i te tauwehe rauemi. Scientists e whakarongo nui ki nga tauira pae tino, me te mokowā o te whenua, me te katoa o te natura i roto i te whānui. He tūranga nui tō te e te parau tumu peihana pera-ka karanga. E ai ki a ia, te tātaritanga o te kāwanatanga hydrogeological nui, te rere pūngao o matū me pāpāho.

Concepts me whakaaro

Ko te pūtake ariā o te whakaaro geo-rauropi e te ariā o te hapori kaiao, whakawhanakehia i roto i te mataotao XIX rautau Karl Moebius. E pā ana tēnei wāhanga ki te fakakātoa 'o' kaiao ora noho i roto i te āhuatanga taiao taua. Tetahi Institute o Taiao Geoscience hāngai i runga i ngā ariā pērā i te uhi matawhenua, hauropi, whenua, noosphere, geosystem ariā, te ariā o te pūnaha geotechnical.

Kua whakawhanakehia e te turanga ariā o te ako whakawhetai ki te pūtaiao matua e rua, me to ratou ahu whakamua i roto i te hawhe te rau tau whakamutunga. Nā ki te matawhenua kua whakawhanakehia Geoecology te ariā whānui o te whanaungatanga tūturu me te tūranga o te geocomponent takitahi, te ariā o te pārōnaki me te kōmitimiti. Nui ko tetahi taha ki tenei moni. kawea Ecology ki ngā geoecology noosphere me ao koiora, pūnaha whakapono mo te tohanga o matū me te kounga taiao.

Ko te hiahiatanga mo te pūtaiao

Ko te whakaaro takitahi e angamaheni o geo-taupuhi kaiao, faaite noa i mua i tona tupu. Na, ko te ohanga Ingarangi nui o te rau tau XVIII Arama Smit whakawakia i roto i te taipitopito te rauemi māori rite te puna o te taonga motu. Tona compatriot Thomas Malthus i 1798, pea te wa tuatahi tamata ia ki matau takahi te ati o te raruraru kaiao meinga e te onge kai i taea riro. Ka rite ki tuhia i runga ake, mo te pūtaiao i roto i te pātai he tītohunga rawa nui o te huringa o te mea. ako ana tuatahi i noho i roto i te rau tau XIX Yustah Liebig te kupu tuturu te ariā o te kai tōtika kohuke o ngā tipu.

I runga i te whanaketanga o te geo-rauropi pānga te mahi taketake o te a Charles Darwin "Origin o momo" (1859), me te te pukapuka i te matawhenua American George Perkinsa Marsha "tangata me te Nature" (1864). Ko tenei kairangahau tetahi o te tuatahi kī te hiahia mō ngā here i runga i ngā mahi ohaoha, te taiao.

pūtaiao Russian Alexander Voeikov i 1891 whakaahuatia te ara ki te mahi ki te ari kino tūturu (hau maroke, hukapapa, taurakitanga, a na i runga i. D.). Ka rite ki fakafepaki'i, whakaarohia ia reclamation wai me te afforestation. oti Ahorangi o St Petersburg University Vasily Dokuchaev i 1903 whanaketanga i runga i te pūtake o te ako, i roto i nei i kite ia i rite ki te tinana maori-o mua. E i muri mai i enei mahi katoa takaro he wāhi i roto i te whanaketanga o te geo-rauropi.

Ko te takenga mai o Geoecology

Ko te hītori o te ako o te geography, geo-taupuhi kaiao, tāpoi me ētahi atu pekanga pānga i pakiaka noa. Ka taea te takina ratou hoki, ki te titiro ata koe i te kunenga mai o te pūtaiao i roto i te rau tau XX. Ko te putanga o te geo-rauropi e pā ana ki te putanga o te rauropi whenua i puta i roto i te tau 1939. Ko te kaiwhakarewa o tenei ako ko Carl Troll. haapii e ia te āhuarangi, mahere whenua, otaota, me te hononga o ngā āhuatanga māori. E tapa Troll te ariā o te mātauranga rauropi whenua, i roto i te iritiraa i German ki Ingarihi i puta ke ki te taiao arowhenua geoecology ranei.

mārama faaite wā-rua ona ngako. ngā te ako hou Carl Troll rangahau nga huarahi e rua. Kotahi (whakapae) Ko ki te ako o te taiao, me o ratou taunekeneke, me te tahi atu (poutū) e hāngai ana i runga i te ako o ratou whanaungatanga i roto i te rauwiringa kaiao. kua meinga pūtaiao New te counterweight ki te raupapa ka kua tīariari. Hei tauira, geoecology rawa rerekē i te taiao koiora, i i te hanganga motuhake (te taupuhi kaiao o kararehe, otaota, microorganisms me te rite. D.). Ko te brainchild o Carl Troll āta whakawhānui tona mana i roto i te tau 1960. i raro i patua geoecology te titiro mahi ohaoha tangata me tona pānga i runga i te whenua, me te taiao.