He aha te mea te takinga - nga meka hītori me te tirohanga o nāianei

He aha te mea te takinga - mōhiohio hangaia ki te whakatau e kore anake te matewai hoki te matauranga kaipānui mahira, engari ano hoki kua he tono mahi i roto i te iwi e hono ki te akiaki ia o perception, me te tukatuka o te rōrahi nui o kuputuhi korerotia nei mahi.

preconditions Historical o fepikitaki

ABC, whakapumautia i roto i te rau tau 9 i runga i nga whakahau o te Hiha teina Byzantine Cyril ko Methodius, ki te kia whakamahia mo te translation o te pukapuka minita Kariki ki Slavic. Otiia whai wāhi te mārama, me te noho pai o te whakamahi o te pūnaha tohu tātai reta Cyrillic ki te whakahörapa tere, me te whānui o Slavic Written Reo me te whakamahi i te reira i roto i te ao karakia kore anake, engari ano hoki i roto i te taumata whare, me te pakihi.

Na roto i te mutunga o te rau tau 10 Slavic pū timata ki te whakamahi i runga i te rohe o te kāwanatanga Russian Old rite te reo hahi. Old reo Slavonic āta whakarerekētia i raro i te mana o te Te Tai Rāwhiti Slavic kupu kīwaha, i kawea āhuatanga hou ki reira.

Kua whakaaetia tuhinga Whatahoro kaipūtaiao ki te ahu i te kunenga mai o te tohu whakaatu Cyrillic. Ngā wāhanga o akatuke'anga momotuhi tawhito ngā reta ture (te nuinga o papai tahito rā hoki ki te rau tau 11), āhua-anisialé, whakamahia mai i te rau tau 14, ka meinga he tauira mo te kuputuhi o te pukapuka tāngia tuatahi i roto i Russia, me fepikitaki, i puta tata tukutahi ki halfuncial.

Ngā wāhanga o te whanaketanga o te pūnaha fepikitaki Russian

puta Old fepikitaki Russian rite ha konga mahu'inga o te reta pakihi, engari tino hohoro riro whakamahi whānui. He aha te mea fepikitaki, i mohiotia ai ki te iwi whānui, a ka whakamahia ai i roto i ngā wāhanga katoa o te ora.

Hoki ake riro 16-17 fepikitaki ngā motuhake, me te hanga i te momo o te tuhituhi, etahi āhuatanga o e kore i puta ke i roto i to tatou wa.

Ko te tohu matua o te fepikitaki

he maha o ngā āhuatanga ahurei a fepikitaki. Ko te rerekētanga matua i ētahi atu momo o te tuhinga Russian tawhito i tata oti whakarerenga o geometricity tohu te whakangāwaritanga nui o nga reta tuhituhi matarohia, haratau me te tere o te whakapakoko. Puka moremorea pūāhua rerekē, rerekē te tuhi pūmatua, pūriki, hira kāhua whiu, koropiko, toronga e haere ki tua atu i te aho, i reira te mea he reta arotau wāhanga.

Ko te hiahia ki te whakatere i te tukanga tuhituhi kua āta arahina ki herekore nui me te noho pai o te pū, te ahua o te rerenga kētanga o ratou whakapakoko (ringaringa) hononga rārangi tuhituhi.

fepikitaki ā

Ko te hawhe tuatahi o te rau tau 18 mutu hanga fepikitaki huaina tawhito hītori Russian. Ko te wāhanga i muri mai o te whanaketanga o te tuhituhi fepikitaki i Russia, muri i huaina ture. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te whakangāwaritanga me proportionality o te tohu, te whakakāhoretanga o etahi o nga mea timatanga, ake pānui.

Te whakahou whakahaeretia e Pita e ahau i roto i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 18, ngaro i te tātai reta o te 10 reta me i reira ko he hou 4 (E, E, Q, R), kua whakakorea tohu whakahua. He ko he tuhi motuhake o kupu me ngā kīanga, whakawhanakehia te pūnaha te tohatoha o reta whakapaipai.

whai wāhi te putanga o te pukapuka atu ohie, e watea, me te mārama ki te whanaketanga o Russian tuhinga, reo matatini me te mātauranga. Whakamahia i roto i te momotuhi fepikitaki ā te whakamahia mō te tā mahi tuhituhi o huru fakamāmaní, pepa pūtaiao, tuhinga kāwanatanga, inoi.

I roto i te whanaketanga anō o te mana fepikitaki ā pānga te pūnaha tuhituhi Latin. E te rau tau pokapū o-19, i hanga fepikitaki whakamahia nei momotuhi te ki iti ranei kahore huringa i roto i to tatou wa.

He aha te mea poto i teie mahana

E ngā huarahi ki te tuhituhi tere, e hāngai ana i runga i te whakamahi o ngā pūkete pūnaha whakapotonga - acronyms, whakapotonga, acronyms. Stenography, takinga, semantografiya, ngā kōrero - te tikanga o te tuhituhi nui-tere, tuhituhi ara rerekē ki te tuhi mōhiohio, te whakamahi i etahi pūnaha tohu, whakaaro.

translation fepikitaki

Ki te whakaaro ki te pātai o te iritiraa, e he fepikitaki, ko tetahi o te tumuaki mō te translation tohu, karapīpiti matua-waha.

Rerekē te takinga, he mau he lekooti verbatim mōhio-tango ranei, e hāngai ana i runga i te tuhituhi ki raro heke te meka matua, mahi translation fepikitaki, i roto i te meka, te tikanga he mahara pŭpŭ tauturu, mahi whai hua hoki te pupuri o te kuputuhi i waho te kawenga nui. āhei te reira ki a koe te whakaiti i te ngaronga o te mōhiohio ka whakawhiti i te nui o ngā karere-waha. Fepikitaki whakamahia i roto i te iritiraa e kore te mea, he warea ohie o te kuputuhi, me te haere tahi e tuakiri tikanga ki te poke me te whakawhiti i te karere mōhiohio matua.

Basics tikanga

mātāpono me ngā tikanga Basic runga nei i te fepikitaki translation ao ngā te kōwhiringa o kupu ki te tikanga nui, tuhi etahi pūnaha tuhi te okotahi o ngā oropuare i te waenganui o kupu, me orokati rua, te whakamahi o tohu hei utu o reta mō te tuhi amo pū.

Ko te haratau me te kakama o pūāhua he tere tapiri, mārama, kaha ki te aro i runga i te ihirangi o te kuputuhi i runga i te atamira o te perception. Ia translator whakatau te kōwhiringa o ngā pūāhua mō ratou i runga i to ratou ake, maha te whakamahi i ratou ake tohu kore-reo.

Ki te rā, te whakamahi o te pūnaha tuhi nui-tere kei te āta ngaro tona hāngaitanga tika ki te whanaketanga o te hangarau. Otiia, no te hunga mahi i roto i ngā mahi translation, i mohio hoki he takinga taua, ko te haamauraa o ratou ngaiotanga.