Irakētanga o te iwi. ngā irakētanga pūira i roto i te tangata

iwi irakētanga tohu te rerekētanga e puta i roto i te pūtau i te taumata DNA. Ka taea e kia ratou o momo rerekē. Irakētanga o iwi e taea e kūpapa. I roto i tenei take, i reira he nucleoid whakakapinga fenāpasi. Ka taea e huringa e kino. E āhuatanga ratou i te pānga tohuāhua kaha. Hoki kia whai hua te iwi irakētanga. I roto i tenei take, huringa i pānga iti tohuāhua. Next, kia whakaaro tatou i roto i atu ngā kōrero i te irakētanga tangata. Ka tauira o huringa kia hoatu i roto i te tuhinga.

whakarōpū

Te tāutu momo rerekē o irakētanga. Etahi o nga kāwai he, i roto i te tahuri, ona ake whakarōpū. I roto i ngā, i reira ko nga irakētanga e whai ake nei:

• Somatic.
• Pūira.
• Cytoplasmic.
• irakētanga Genomic i roto i te tangata, me te tahi atu momo.

Kei te tango Huringa wahi i raro i te mana o ngā āhuatanga. Ko tētahi o nga take mahino o taua huringa whakaaro Chernobyl. timata irakētanga o te iwi i muri i te kino ki te puta tonu. Heoi, i runga i te wā ka ake a ake korerotia e ratou.

irakētanga pūira Human

E āhuatanga ēnei huringa i abnormalities hanganga. Ko te wehenga pūira puta. E haere tahi ratou e rearrangements rerekē i roto i te hanganga. He aha kei reira irakētanga tangata? Ko te take i roto i te āhuatanga o waho:

• Tinana. Ko ētahi o ēnei gamma me X-hihi, hihi katinga te rongo, te pāmahana (tiketike / iti), te mara hiko, te pēhanga, a na i runga i.
• Chemical. Tenei ngā waiwaihā, cytostatics, tai whakarewa taimaha, phenols me ētahi atu pūhui.
• Biological. Ēnei ngā huakita me te huaketo.

hanganga noa

Irakētanga o iwi i roto i tenei take whakatika i raro i ngā āhuatanga noa. Heoi, he tino onge e kitea i roto i te āhua taua huringa: 1 miriona kape o te ira ngā 1-100 take. Scientist JBS Haldane tātai te tūponotanga toharite o te whakatikatikanga māhorahora. Ko reira he whakatupuranga 5 * 10-5. Tei tukanga whanaketanga noa i runga i ngā āhuatanga o waho, me te ā-- mutational pēhanga reo.

āhuatanga

Kei te nuinga whakarōpūtia ngā irakētanga pūira rite kino. Pathologies e whakawhanake rite ki te hua o te vahiraa, maha hohotahi ki te ora. Ka rite ki ngā āhuatanga taketake o ngā irakētanga pūira paingia whakatikatikanga kōpeka. No te mea o i hanga ratou hou maha "whakakotahitanga". E pänga ki ēnei huringa i te mahi ira, tuwha te āhuatanga puta noa i te genome i tupono. takoto ratou uara urutau i roto i te tukanga whiriwhiri.

ngā irakētanga pūira: whakarōpū

E toru ngā kōwhiringa mō te taua huringa. I roto i ngā, iso taratahi, uiui ra me irakētanga intrachromosomal. (Aberatsiyami) whakamutunga āhuatanga e abnormalities. E tāutuhia ratou i roto i te anga o te pūira kotahi. Tenei huringa rōpū ngā:

• Mukunga. Ēnei irakētanga tohu mate ā-o rānei mutunga wahi o te pūira. Ko te hanganga o tenei ahua e taea te meinga te rota o kōhikohiko i roto i te whanaketanga embryonic (hei tauira, te ngakau congenital momo koha).
• Koaro. Tenei huringa tā te huringa o te kongakonga pūira ki te 180 nga nekehanga. a whakanoho ai i runga i te pae o mua. I roto i tenei take, he whati te tikanga o nga mea timatanga hanganga, engari e kore e tenei pā te tohuāhua, ki te reira e kore āhuatanga atu.
• Duplications. tohu ratou whakareatanga pūira kongakonga. he ine pērā i te täkupu whakaoho irakētanga heritable tangata.

E whakawhiti whakatikatikanga Interchromosomal (translocations) i waenganui i ngā āhuatanga o te wahi i roto i nei e rite nga ira. E wehea ēnei huringa ki:

• Robertsonian. Kei te hanga e hei utu o te oro ngā pūira acrocentric metacentric rua.
• Nonreciprocal. I roto i tenei take, te wahi pokarekarenga o tetahi pūira ki tetahi.
• Tau utuutu. I raro i enei rearrangements e whakawhiti i waenganui i te huānga e rua.

whakatika Izohromosomnye irakētanga e tika ana ki te hanganga o kape pūira o ngā pae whakaata o te atu e rua, e roto i te huinga ira taua. he ine taua i te täkupu tuku pūhui centric runga ki te wehenga chromatid meka ripeka tupu i te centromere.

Ko nga momo o huringa

He ngā irakētanga pūira hanganga, me te tau. Te whakamutunga, i roto i te tahuri, kua wehea ki aneuploidy (tenei ahua (tātoru) ranei mate (monosomy) atu huānga) me polyploidy (e hua puninga i roto i o ratou tau). aroaro whakariterite anō Structural fehangahangai, mukunga, translocations, kōkuhutanga, me isochromosome mowhiti centric.

Ko te pāhekoheko o rerekē momo o rearrangements

irakētanga Genomic He rerekē huringa i roto i te maha o ngā huānga hanganga. irakētanga ira he kōtītiti i te hanganga o te ira. pā ngā irakētanga pūira te hanganga o nga pūira ratou. Tuatahi, me te whakamutunga, i roto i tahuri, i te taua whakarōpū i polyploidy me aneuploidy. Anō whakawhiti i waenganui i a ratou ko te translocation Robertsonian. E ngā ēnei irakētanga i roto i te ahunga taua, me te ariā o te rongoa rite te "pīari pūira". Kei roto te reira i:

• māuiuitanga Somatic. Ko ētahi o ēnei radiation māuiuitanga, hei tauira.
• disorders Intrauterine. E nehenehe te reira mâtutuhia noa, whakatahe.
• mate pūira. Ko ētahi o ēnei Down syndrome, me ētahi atu.

I reira, e pā ana ki kotahi rau kōhikohiko mohiotia. i ako a whakaahuatia katoa o ratou. Ka rite ki syndromes whakaaturia e pā ana ki 300 ngā.

Āhuatanga o abnormalities congenital

E te aroaro tika ngā irakētanga tuku. āhuatanga tēnei kāwai e hē maha i roto i te whanaketanga. I hanga i rite ki te hua o maumaui o te huringa tino nui i roto i te DNA. Pāpaka puta i roto i te kikiritanga, koinei te gamete, nga wāhanga tuatahi o te wehenga o te hua manu. Ka taea e kore puta noa ka hanumi pūtau maitai hauora mātua. Tenei tukanga Ko tenei ra tonu e kore e taea te mana, me te kore e mohio ki tino.

Ko te mau hopearaa o huringa

Fifi o ngā irakētanga pūira ahu ki te kia tino kino ki te tangata. E mea pinepine whakapataritari ratou:

• I roto i te 70% - materoto noa.
• Malformations.
• I 7.2% - kahukahu.
• Ko te hanganga o te pukupuku.

Ki te whakamārama o te taumata o abnormalities pūira pāpaka i roto i te whēkau meinga e ngā āhuatanga: te momo o kōhikohiko, rauemi nui iti ranei i roto i te pūira takitahi, tikanga taiao, te tohuira o te rauropi.

rōpū pathologies

Katoa mate pūira e wehea ki e rua ngā kāwai. Ko te tuatahi ko te ofatiraa i whakapataritari i roto i te maha o ngā huānga. Enei pathologies kėia te nuinga o te pūira mate. Te kore trisomies, monosomy me ētahi atu momo o polysomes i roto i tenei rōpū ngā tetraploidy me triploidy (i puta mate ratou rānei i te kopu i roto i te torutoru haora tuatahi ranei i muri i whanau). Nuinga o ngā wā kitea Down syndrome. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i hē ira. syndrome iho te ingoa ko muri i te ingoa o te tākuta tamariki, e whakaahuatia ana e ia i roto i 1886. I reira, tenei syndrome ko te tino ako o abnormalities pūira katoa. puta pīari i roto i pā ana ki tetahi i roto i o 700. Ko te rōpū tuarua ngā mate meinga e huringa hanganga i roto i pūira. Ko te tohu o enei pathologies ngā:

• retardation Growth.
• pōhauhautanga.
• ihu Roundness.
• taunga kanohi hohonu.
• hē Heart (congenital) me ētahi atu.

E meinga e te huringa i roto i te maha o ngā pūira sex ētahi mate. Tūroro ki taua irakētanga i kahore uri. Ki te rā, i reira he kahore maimoatanga etiological mārama whakawhanakehia o taua mate. Heoi, e taea te ārai te mate mā te tikanga o te tātaritanga prenatal.

Tūnga i roto i te kunenga mai o

Ki te whakamārama o ngā rerekētanga korerotia i roto i nga tikanga o irakētanga kino mua taea e whai hua. Ka rite ki te hua o taua whakatikatikanga e whakaaro ki te hei rauemi mō te kōwhiringa. Ki te te kore pāngia te irakētanga i te "puku" whatiwhatinga DNA whakaoho ia i te whakauru o tetahi kongakonga waehere faaauhia, rite ki te tikanga ranei, e kore e faaite mai i te reira iho i roto i tetahi ara i roto i te tohuāhua. Heoi, e taea te kitea taua whakatikatikanga. Hoki tenei whakaaro, tikanga o te tātari ira. Nā ki te meka e ngā rerekētanga puta tika ana ki te rongo ki ngā āhuatanga taiao, ka, mana'o e tonu te āhuatanga matua o te taiao tonu, puta reira e puta āhua irakētanga i te auau tamau. Ka taea te tono i tēnei meka i te ako o te phylogeny - te tātari o te whanaungatanga me te take mai o te taxa rerekē, tae atu ki te tangata. I roto i te hononga ki tenei whakatikatika i roto i "ira puku" kaitaunaki mō ngā kairangahau me te mea he "karaka rāpoi." Kei te hāngai hoki te ariā i runga i te meka e he te nuinga o nga huringa kūpapa. Ratou tere o te whakaeminga i roto i te ira ngā he ngoikore ranei tino motuhake o te mana o te kōwhiringa tūturu. Ka rite ki te hua o te irakētanga riro tamau i runga i te wā roa. Heoi, hoki ngā ira ka ake kaha.

I roto i te mutunga

Ko te ako o te huarahi o te tupu, te whanaketanga atu o nga rearrangements i roto i te waikawa deoxyribonucleic punaraungao, kua tahuri nei ki te uri i roto i te aho whaea, a i roto i te Y-pūira, haere i te papa, kei te whānui e whakamahia ana i tenei ra nui i roto i te koiora whanaketanga. Kohia, tātarihia me ngā rauemi systematized, e whakamahia hua rangahau i roto i te rangahau o te takenga o te ngā Iwi me iwi. O te faufaa ngā Ko te mōhiohio ki te hangaia anō o te hanganga koiora me te whanaketanga o te taata nei.