Kaikoiora Ingarangi rāpoi, me te neuroscientist biophysicist Frensis Krik: biography, whakatutukitanga, ngā āhuatanga me ngā meka ngā

Francis Crick Harri Compton ko tetahi o nga ōmataora rāpoi rua nei wetewete hanganga kawe ngaro o te mōhiohio ā-ira waikawa deoxyribonucleic (DNA), ko te kupu kōkiri i te koiora rāpoi hou. I muri i tenei kitea taketake kua hanga e ia he wāhi nui ki te māramatanga o te waehere iranga me te mahi o ngā ira, me te i roto i te neave. faaite e ia te Nobel i rongoā i roto i te 1962 ki a Hemi Watson ko Maurice Wilkins mo te elucidation o hanganga DNA.

Frensis Krik: biography

Ko te kaumatua o nga tama tokorua, Francis, i whanau i roto i te hapu o Harry Crick ko Elizabeth Ann Wilkins Pipiri 8, 1916 i roto i Northampton, Ingarangi. tae ia te kura wetereo rohe a ka hiahia i roto i ngā, maha haere tahi e pakū matū i te wawe tau. I roto i te kura, i riro ia he taonga mo te kohikohi tarutaru. I tua atu, i pōlepole ia ki tēnehi, engari e kore e nui hiahia i roto i te tahi atu kēmu me hākinakina. I tau 14, riro Francis he kura karahipi i Mill Hill, raki London. E whā tau i muri mai, i te tau 18, whakauru ia i University College. Ki ona matua i te pakeketanga oho i Northampton i Mill Hill, a tukua ana e ia Francis ki ora i ako i te kāinga. puta ia ki hōnore i roto i Physics.

I muri arahina paetahi Frensis Krik e da Costa Andrade i University College i pokey rangahau o te wai i raro i te pēhanga me i pāmahana teitei. I roto i te 1940, riro Francis he tari ā-i roto i te Admiralty, te wahi mahi ia i runga i te hoahoa o maina anti-kaipuke. I mua i tēnei tau, ka moea e Crick Ruth Doreen Dodd. whanau ratou tama Mikaera i roto i te huaki rangi i runga i London Whiringa 25, 1940. Na roto i te mutunga o te whawhai, i whakaritea Francis ki te tūhura pūtaiao o te tari matua o te Admiralty Ingarangi i roto i Whitehall, te wahi arotahi ia i runga i te whanaketanga o patu.

I runga i te mimiha o te ora, me te nonliving

Ite e e hiahia reira whakangungu atu i roto i te tikanga ki te makona ratou hiahia ki te whai wāhi i roto i te rangahau taketake, faaoti Crick ki te mahi i runga i te tohu matatau. E ai ki a ia, i mīharo ia e nga wāhi e rua o te koiora - te rohe i waenganui i te hunga ora, me te nonliving me mahi roro. whiriwhiria Creek te tuatahi, ahakoa te meka i mohio ia iti e pā ana ki te kaupapa. I muri rangahau tuatahi i University College i roto i te tau 1947, mutu ia i te hōtaka i roto i te taiwhanga i Kemureti i raro i te aronga o Artura Hyuza, e pā ana ki te mahi i runga i te āhuatanga ōkiko o te ahurea cytoplasm o fibroblasts heihei.

E rua tau i muri mai, piri Crick te rōpū o te Kaunihera o Medical Research i te Cavendish Laboratory. ngā te reira i mātauranga Ingarangi Maks Peruts me Dzhon Kendryu (heke mai toa Nobel). timata Francis ki te mahi ki a ratou, tōna tikanga ki te ako hanganga pūmua, engari i roto i te mooni ki te mahi ki a Watson i te hanganga o te DNA te hurahura.

helix rua

I roto i te 1947, i whakarerea Frensis Krik Doreen me i roto i te tau 1949 i moea e Odile Tere, ākonga, artist, nei tutaki ia ka mahi ia i roto i te Navy i roto i tona mahi i roto i te Admiralty. Orua te marena ki te timatanga o tona mahi kaitono i runga i pūmua diffractometry X-ray. Tenei tikanga o ako te hanganga karaihe o nga rāpoi ngota, tuku ki te tautuhi i te āhuatanga o ratou hanganga e toru-ahu.

I roto i 1941 te taiwhanga Cavendish ahu e Tā William Lawrence Bragg, nei ko te pionie o te tikanga ttara X-ray, e wha tekau nga tau ki muri. I roto i te 1951, piri Crick e Dzheyms Uotson, he American toro, e ako ki te tākuta Itari Salvador Edward Luria ka ko he mema o te rōpū o physicists e kua ako wheori kitakita, e mohiotia ana ko bacteriophages.

Ka rite ki tona hoa, i hiahia i roto i te whakaaturanga o te hanganga o ira Watson whakaaro e te hanganga otinga o DNA ko te otinga tino whaihua. hononga ōpaki i waenganui i Crick me Watson whakawhanakehia i roto i wawata rite me ngā tukanga whakaaro rite. kīnaki ratou tohungatanga ia atu. E te wā ratou tuatahi tutaki mohio Crick nui e pā ana ki te ttara X-ray, me te hanganga o te pūmua, me ko pai mōhio o bacteriophages me iranga kitakita Watson.

enei Franklin

Frensis Krik ko Dzheyms Uotson i mōhio o te mahi o biochemists Maurice Wilkins me Rosalind Franklin o College a Kingi i roto i London, e whakawakia i te hanganga o DNA ki te awhina o X-ray ttara. Creek, i roto i ngā, ka karanga te Group London ki te hanga tauira, pērā i te hunga mahi Laynus toko i roto i te Hau Amui no Marite ki te whakaoti i te raruraru o te helix pūmua ārepa. Pauling, whakakitea here matū papa ariā e te pūmua i te hanganga e toru-ahu, me te he kore noa rārangi mekameka waikawa amino.

Wilkins ko Franklin, mahi takitahi, meinga atu matau huarahi whakamātau tikanga whaihanga ariā Pauling, i piri ki a Francis. Mai kore te rōpū i College a Kingi i urupare ki to ratou tono, Crick me Watson whai wahi kanga o te wā tau-rua o kōrero me ngā tohenga. I roto i te tīmatanga o 1953 i timata ratou ki te hanga i te tauira o DNA.

Ko te hanganga o te DNA

Mā te raraunga i X-ray ttara Franklin, i te rota o te tamataraa, me te hapa, kua hanga e ratou he tauira o te rāpoi ngota waikawa deoxyribonucleic, i te mea rite ki te whakatau o te London Group me biochemist raraunga Erwin Chargaff. I roto i te tau 1950 whakakitea te whakamutunga e te nui whanaunga o nga nucleotides e wha e hanga ake DNA, kia kia etahi ture, tetahi o nei ko ki ōrite te nui o adenine (A) te nui o te thymine (T) me te nui o te guanine (G) te maha o cytosine (C). Taua kōrero tā pairing o te ko T ko te C ko G, kōrero, te whakaaro e te DNA - he reira kore ake atu i te tetranucleotide, arā, he rāpoi ngota ohie arā, o katoa turanga e wha.

I roto i te puna me te raumati o 1953, i tuhituhi Watson ko Crick wha tuhinga e pā ana ki te hanganga o te waikawa deoxyribonucleic me ngā āhuatanga tūmanako, ka puta te tuatahi o nei i roto i te buka aamu Nature i 25 April. Tānga aru e te mahi a Wilkins, Franklin, me o ratou hoa i te aroaro taunakitanga whakamātautau mō te tauira. riro Watson te kalokalo ka hoatu te ingoa tuatahi, ko te kupu ake hono paetae pūtaiao taketake ki te rua o Watson-Crick.

waehere ira

Neke atu i te nga tau i muri torutoru, i ako Frensis Krik te hononga i waenganui i te DNA me te waehere ira. Tona mahi tahi ki Vernon Ingram kua arahina ki whakaaturanga i roto i 1956, te hanganga o nga rerekētanga i roto i te pūtoto o anemia toronaihi pūtau-i noa i roto i te kotahi te waikawa amino. whakaratohia e te ako taunakitanga e kia kia whai pānga mate ira ki ōwehenga DNA-pūmua.

Huri noa i te wa taua ki Crick i te Cavendish Laboratory piri iranga, me te koiora rāpoi o Awherika ki te Tonga Sydney Brenner. ka anga ratou ki te mahi ki "te raruraru o Tapa" - te whakamāramatanga o te raupapa o turanga DNA hanga te raupapa o ngā waikawa amino i te pūmua. I te aroaro tuatahi te mahi i roto i 1957 i raro i te taitara "I te kōtuitui o te pūmua." Te reira i whakatakoto Crick te postulate taketake o koiora rāpoi, kia rite ki nei, te mōhiohio tuku e te pūmua hoki muri. Kei te tohu te reira i e te kōtuitanga pūmua mīhini mā te whakawhitihia ngā mōhiohio i te DNA ki RNA me i RNA ki pūmua.

Salk Institute

I roto i te 1976, i roto i te faafaaearaa i tapaea Crick he tūranga tūturu i te Institute o koiora Research Salk i La Jolla, California. whakaae ia me te toenga o tona ora mahi ia i nga Salk Institute, tae atu i te kaiwhakahaere. timata He Creek ki ako i te mahi o te roro, i te mea hiahia i roto i reira i te tīmata te mahi pūtaiao. Kei te nuinga rave te reira i roto i te mahara, a tamata ki te patu i te raruraru i roto i te ako o te kite. Kua whakaputaina Creek e rave rahi pepa i runga i nga tikanga natulá o moe, me te whakarongo, engari, pera i tuhituhi e ia i roto i tona haukiri, ia tonu i ki hoatu whanau ki tetahi ariā, e i te wa ano i nei he hou, me te convincingly whakamārama maha ngā meka whakamātautau.

"Panspermia Whakahaua" He wāhanga ngā o mahi i roto i te Salk Institute ko te whanaketanga o ona whakaaro. Me ki Leslie Orgel, whakaputaina ana e ia he pukapuka i roto i i te whakaaro ia e kua rere omaki papapūata i roto i te wāhi, ki te mutunga tae te whenua, me te rui ai, me i meatia ai kia rite ki te hua o Mahi, "te tangata." Na whawhati i Frensis Krik te ariā o te 'oku, whakaatu pehea e taea ki te whakauru whakaaro natulá.

pūtaiao Tohu

I roto i tona mahi huihuia theorist hihiri o te koiora hou Frensis Krik, synthesized ka whakapai ake i te mahi whakamātautau o ētahi atu, me te kawe mai ratou kitenga rerekē ki te whakatika i nga raruraru taketake o te pūtaiao. Ana tautooraa faahiahia, i roto i te tua ki te Nobel, riro ia maha ngā tohu. Ko ētahi o ēnei ko te Tohu Lasker, te utu o te French Academy o Pūtaiao o te Charles Mayer me Medal o te Royal Society Copley. I te 1991 ka whakaae ia kia rite ki te mema o te Order o Kaiaka.

mate Crick Hōngongoi 28, 2004 i roto i San Diego i te tau o 88 tau. I roto i te 2016 hanga Francis Crick Institute i roto i te raki London. Ko te hanganga o te utu o 660 miriona pauna ko te pokapū nui mo te rangahau biomedical i Europe.