Kiato penehīni

huaina te ōwehenga taimaha o te taonga ki tona rōrahi ona papatipu ia rōrahi wae ranei te kiato. matū katoa te reira i rerekē me tei runga i te āhua me te hanganga. Hei tauira, he rite ki āhua 1,003 g / cm3, me hoki Marine mō te wai hou - 1,025 g / cm3. Ano, Ko raro ki te ture additivity tenei rahinga tinana. Ko, he rite ki te moni o ngā hua o te āhuatanga o ia wāhanga e tona hautanga taimaha te kiato o te ranunga multicomponent (i te mea, hei tauira, penehīni): ρsmesi = Σρi • ci. Ka taea te whakamahi tikanga Calculation mō te hanganga mōhiotia, me te i roto i aua wā, no te kore e hiahiatia ki te whakatau i te kiato o te penehīni ki te pū tiketike. Tētahi atu drawback o te tikanga hoahoa - te matatini me ngā utu teitei mō te faaotiraa o ia wae. E titau te reira taputapu chromatographic utu, me te kaimahi tino tohu, rite āhuatanga ia hinu waitohu e te whānui o ngā huinga o te maha nui o takitahi, ngā pūhui pai organic (waiwaro) rerekētanga.

hanganga kounga me te ine e hua i te kiato wahie rerekē me tei runga i te rauemi raw me te tikanga hangarau mō te tukatuka. Mateuteu rama ngā e hāngai Māturu hinu, ina ripeneta, isomerization, alkylation, papatanga catalytic. ngā nuinga o te ranunga o paraffins, naphthenes me olefins penehīni. I reira, kua whakaurua maha whenua here i runga i te ihirangi o waiwaro kakara me olefins. meinga ana tēnei āhuatanga e ngā whakaritenga taiao, me te hiahia ki te whakaiti i waro hanganga, e puta tika ki te aroaro o te benzene i roto i kora me te raupapa ethylene o pūhui, maha i roto i ratou penehīni. kiato Hua, wāwaro maha o nei nui haere te tika ki kakara ko te tikanga ki runga ake i taua o te wahie ki te ihirangi iti o te benzene me ona homologues.

Ano, kia roto i te hua oti tāpiritanga motuhake. Ratou pā hoki te kiato o te penehīni. Hei tauira, oxygenates, pērā i te waihā, tukua ki te whakapiki ake i te tōtika ngingiha, me te whakaiti i te kukū o te waro haukura i roto i te haurehu whakapau. Ture me ngā ture hangarau o te hinonga whakatau nga wāhanga e taea te tāpiri ki te wahie. I tēnei wā i roto i to tatou whenua i reira he he torutoru tuhinga, Whakapūnoa te kounga o te nekeneke wahie mo waka ki engines penehīni.

He halá GOST paerewa 2184-77 anō i tanguru 2003, me menemana 1-6 i runga i te 1981, 1983, 1984, 1990, 1997 me te 2002, me te rua whakatikatika i 2000 me 2001, kua mohio te reira e āhua 10 - .. te lepupilika mua USSR. I roto i te Russian Federation, ona whakaritenga tono anake ki hua unleaded A-76. e kore te Kiato penehīni i 20 ° C rite ki te STATE hakari whakaritea, engari e hiahiatia ana tona whakamāramatanga ko mua i te tukuna ki te kiritaki. Hoki tenei whakaaro pycnometrically hydrometric me whakamātautau tikanga, e kua whakaahuatia ki GOST 3900-85.

(I whakaputaina ki a ia i roto i 1999 me 2000, huringa i roto i te tau 1 me te tau 2.) State paerewa o to tatou whenua GOST 51105-97 tono Ko ki te 01.01.1999 me tano ki te penehīni nekeneke unleaded, e, i runga i te uara o te taka te tau wāwaro ki te waitohu: Super 98 Premium 95 wā 92 wā 91, 80. te papa'iraa te kiato noa o te penehīni me ētahi atu hua 92 Ron 91 ki te 98 te i te 15 ° c me i te whānui i 725 ki te 780 kg / m3. Hoki kōeke hua Pūnoa 80 Ka taea e rerekē i te reira i 700 ki te 750 kg / m3. takoto ana tēnei āhuatanga e te whakamahi i te ine kiato wai mo te tikanga whakamātautau rite ki GOST 51069-97.

Ētahi atu motu paerewa - GOST R 51886-2002 - meingatia i roto i te Russian Federation, 01.07.2002, 01.07.2008 me ki a ia ka puta mai he tau huringa 1. hāngai te tuhinga ki te noa EN 228-2004 Pakeha, pā reira ki rama penehīni unleaded Super Euro -98 me te Euro-95 Premium. E āhuatanga ratou e te maha wāwaro o 98 me 95 aua. Te kiato e rua penehīni kōeke i te 15 ° C i roto i te whānui 720-750 kg / m3, takoto rite ki GOST 51069-97 tikanga hydrometric.

He aha meinga te hiahia ki te whakatau i te kiato o te wahie nekeneke? Tuatahi, tenei uara autaki faaite te hanganga o te hua, me te āwhina ki te tautuhi i te reira. Hei tauira, ki te he 0,980 kg / m3 0,650 kg / m3 ranei te kiato i whanganga ano, Ka taea e tatou te mea ki te tino e kore te reira penehīni, me etahi atu hua. Ano, Kei te whānui whakamahia te kiato o te penehīni i mahi: e matau i te nui o te hua i roto i te tank nui, e kore e taea te pauna te, tātai tona papatipu i whakanuia e te kiato rōrahi. Taua he tikanga i huaina autaki taua whakaritenga Kei GOST 8.595-2004. Whanganga te pāmahana, me te taumata o te hua i roto i te awa ki a i tātai tona rōrahi. Pepeke tauira wāhi i roto i runga i te GOST 2517-85, whakakotahi ratou, ka whakatau i te mātotoru rite ki GOST 51069-97 ko GOST 3900-85. Ko te hua ine arahi ki nga tikanga paerewa (pāmahana 15 ki te 20 ° C), i muri noa e, e whakamahia enei uara ki te tātai i te papatipu o te hua i roto i te awa ki.