Ko nga momo o ngā pūnaha rōpū. pūnaha Party - he ...

pūnaha Party - he huinga o ngā rōpū motuhake, me te hononga i waenganui i a ratou. Ko tūturu i roto i te tikanga tōrangapū, i whakapumautia hoki tenetere ia whenua te whakawhanake. I teie mahana i reira e rave rahi ngā momo o ngā pūnaha rōpū. Ko tehea o ratou he angamaheni mo Russia hou, a he aha te mea na mua - pātai e e rapu tonu kairangahau mō whakautu.

Rōpū me ngā pūnaha rōpū

puta rōpū tōrangapū New ki makona nga ngākau nuitanga o ngā whenei pāpori. Ratou tau ko te whakaata o te tohu o te heterogeneity ōhanga, me te wä o te ngākau nuitanga. Ko te nui te tohu o heterogeneity, na, no reira, atu rōpū i roto i te pūnaha tōrangapū. Ia o ratou tutuki nga ngākau nuitanga o te tetahi wāhanga o te taupori. Ko te tūranga o te rōpū i roto i te pūnaha tōrangapū, te āhua o ratou pāhekoheko, me te ratou momo waihanga i tētahi whirihoranga motuhake mo ia ahua, e ko te pūnaha rōpū whaimana. Ia āhuatanga e ona ake Power.

Ko nga momo o ngā pūnaha rōpū e taea e:

• kotahi-rōpū;
• bipartisan;
• multiparty.

pūnaha kotahi-rōpū

Ko te tohu matua o te heriheri manakohia o tetahi rōpū i roto i te āhua. He taea te oraraa o te pūnaha kotahi-rōpū i roto i te totalitarian ranei tikanga fakaaoao.

Kei te nuinga o te wā wehea taua pūnaha atu ki e rua momo. Ko te tuatahi - pūnaha rawa tetahi-rōpū, e ko te upoko o te kāwanatanga, ko te tino utu he rōpū kotahi, e whakahaere ngā mahi katoa. Ko te momo tuarua - he ōkawa pūnaha maha-rōpū. takoto Ko tōna ngako i roto i te meka e, ahakoa te oraraa o rave rahi rōpū, no te mana katoa kotahi anake, ka karanga ki te mea he hegemon.

pūnaha Party i roto i Eastern Europe no ki tenei momo tae noa ki 1990. I tēnei wā, he mea angamaheni mo Haina, Heoi, i roto i te tua ki te whakatakoto tikanga ana Party Communist, whakahaere waru etahi atu.

bipartisanship

Ko te tohu matua - he whakataetae tonu i waenganui i te rōpū tōrangapū nui e rua, ratou ture kē. I roto i te pūnaha taua te toenga kahore he taimaha tōrangapū nui. Tenei te tikanga e tata katoa nohoanga pāremata whiwhi nga kawana o nga rōpū e rua, e e whiwhi atu o te pōti rongonui. E kore e te pūnaha e rua-rōpū waihanga he whakakotahi, no te mea he pera ia rōpū i roto ano. E English-korero i te māngai matua whenua - te United States me te rangatiratanga United.

pūnaha 2,5-rōpū

e kore te mana mohio tenei momo, no te mea he reira tino onge, engari i te wāhi ariā o te tirohanga, he mea utu te haamana'oraa e pā ana ki reira. Ko te tahi mea o te ripeka i waenganui i rua-rōpū, me te pūnaha maha-rōpū ia. Faaite ake i roto i te kaupapa e kore e taea e kore o nga rōpū whakataetae e rua te tiki i te maha e tika ana o ngā pōti, hei tauira, te riro tetahi 43%, me tetahi atu - 47%. he tika 50% me tetahi pōti hoki te hanganga o te kāwanatanga.

I roto i tenei take, kua tangohia te ōrau e ngaro ana i te rōpū iti, e hoki e taea ki te whiwhi mana nui ratou.

pūnaha multiparty

Ko te rerekētanga matua ko te whakataetae o te maha rōpū. I roto i te runga i to ratou maha o ngā pūnaha taratahi rōpū te whakaōrite (3-5) me tino (6 ranei ake) plurality. Otiia e kore e he kore tetahi o ratou anake i roto i te kaha. Ki te mahi i tenei, e tahoê e rave rahi rōpū i roto i te whakakotahitanga. E mea titauhia no te mahi intraparliamentary me te poari rite te katoa. Ko te pūnaha rōpū o Russia hou no ki tenei momo.

Variety o pūnaha maha-rōpū

Tei runga i te mahi o nga rōpū tāutuhia he maha o ngā momo.

1. He pūnaha multiparty waho te rōpū e ngoi ana. I roto i tenei momo o kahore rōpū he nuinga tūturu. I roto i te hanganga o te kāwanatanga, whakakotahi e rave rahi rōpū i roto i te hononga, me coalitions.
2. Ko te pūnaha maha-rōpū ki te rōpū ngoi. Fakatatau ki ai, kotahi rōpū (ka taea uniana ranei) i te rangatira i roto i te ao tōrangapū.
3. pūnaha rōpū Blog. Tenei rite bipartizm tika ki te meka e kua piri te rōpū i roto i ngā poraka, e whakataetae ki ia atu.

Typology o ngā pūnaha rōpū

I roto i te akoranga o te whanaketanga o mua o te rōpū kotahi i whai ahua i roto i te āhua kotahi, i roto i tetahi atu - e rua i roto i te toru o - toru me te ake. Tei runga i te hanganga o te piha haapiiraa o te taupori, ngā tikanga hītori me te ahurea tōrangapū, i hanga hanganga motu e te pūnaha rōpū ranei. he tika ki te āhuatanga maha awe te kaupapa here o te kāwanatanga tenei.

Aia i roto i te rōpū hapori anga kotahi e kore taunekeneke tonu taiepa atu i ia atu. tango ratou whakatau motu i te pānga ki te pāpori.

He maha o enei rōpū, te āhua o ratou whanaunga ki ia atu, te pāhekoheko me te āhua ranei ētahi atu whare tōrangapū me te pūnaha tōrangapū reira.

E kore e nga momo o ngā pūnaha rōpū takoto ara pono pāngarau, e ko, kotahi rōpū - kia kotahi rōpū, e rua-rōpū - kia rua maha-rōpū - he rota. kia tangohia te reira ki pūkete me te huinga o ngā tohu motuhake. Kei o āhuatanga matua e toru pūnaha tōrangapū Tohu Mātauranga:

• maha o ngā kēmu;
• te aroaro ngaro o te rōpū tino, te whakakotahitanga ranei;
• te taumata o te whakataetae i waenganui i nga rōpū.

pūnaha tōrangapū Party

Ko tūturu i roto i ia aratau motuhake Power. kaupapa here State i hanga te i runga i ngā rau tau maha. pūnaha Party - he oti hononga ariā i waenganui i ngā rōpū, waeine me ngā rōpū, taunekeneke i waenganui i a ratou ano, mahi tahi, hei kōrero, te whakataetae i roto i te whakatinanatanga o te mana ranei.

Ki te rā, te ngā āhua i reira he he maha nui o ngā rōpū e whakatau i nga ngākau nuitanga o nga pūtau katoa o te hapori. No te mea ka taea i tēnei kanorau ki te tangata kia ratou whiriwhiri i te teihana pōti.

Rōpū me ngā pūnaha rōpū e hanga e rite ki te hua o to ratou taunekeneke me te āhuatanga i roto i te ao tōrangapū. nui hoki ko te momo o te rōpū ratou. pānga nui kua te ture o nāianei, te kaupapa ture, me te ture pōti. Ia kāwanatanga he pūnaha rōpū etahi. Ko te wāhi o tetahi kāwanatanga. rerekē ratou anake i roto i te momo o enei pūnaha me te āhua o te rōpū.

He maha ngā āhuatanga e pā te hanganga o te pūnaha tōrangapū o te kāwanatanga. Ko ētahi o ēnei:

• paari tōrangapū o te hapori;
• te taumata o te mahara tōrangapū;
• hanganga motu;
• tirohanga fakalotu o te hapori;
• āhuatanga ahurea;
• iho hītori;
• waihanga o ope pāpori me te piha haapiiraa.

pūnaha rōpū Modern o tetahi kāwanatanga - ko te hua o ngā rau tau o te hanganga me te whanaketanga o mua.

Ko te mahi o ngā rōpū

I roto i te ao tōrangapū, e kore e taea ki te kitea he whenua waenganui, na te taupori e rave rahi kōwhiringa, i roto i nei e waiho reira taea ki te hanga i tō kōwhiringa. Na reira, i tenei ra i reira he he maha nui o ngā uniana, rōpū me poraka.

Tei runga i te wāhanga e hiahiatia ana o pāpori me te ora tōrangapū o te rōpū hapori hou mahi etahi mahi.

kia whakauru te tuatahi, me te tino taketake te māngai. tohu te reira i te ngākau nuitanga o etahi rōpū i roto i te hapori. I roto i te tahi mau whenua, te taua maha o ngā wāhanga o te taupori hāngai rōpū tōrangapū.

pā ana te mahi tuarua sotsializatorskaya. Ko tōna ngako ko ki te whai wāhi i roto i te maha o ona ngā mema kaitautoko o te wahi o te taupori ranei.

Ko te toru o kairangahau huanga mahi kōrerorero. Ko tōna misioni he ki te mau tonu hononga kaha ki te kaipōti, te pūtahi tōrangapū tūmatanui, me te tahi atu, te whakahaere rangatira, whakataetae. kia te whakahaere Party arata'ihia e te whakaaro tūmatanui, na ko te tino nui tenei āhuatanga.

A maha - wä. Kei roto i tēnei te whakatairanga. PR, pānuitanga, pakanga, te whakawhanake i te tūāpapa tōrangapū toa.

Na te rima o te mahi - whakahaere, me te tōrangapū. He wae nui ko te kōwhiringa o tangata, te whakatairanga o cadres i te pōtitanga, te whakarato ratou ki ngā tika o te mahi me te whai wāhi i muri i roto i te pakanga mō te mana.

Te āhuatanga i roto i Russia

tīmata te pūnaha rōpū o Russia hou tona hanganga i roto i te mutunga o te rautau tekau mā iwa. Mai reira, te ao, he ope o hononga hou, engari i reira nga hunga e i whakapumautia, ka whakawhanakehia me te kōrero.

pūnaha rōpū Russian ko te-rōpū maha. Heoi, pūkenga, e whakaatu kairangahau e ko te reira i te pūnaha maha-rōpū o te amorphous me iu. I runga i te par ki te pai-mohiotia a tino rongonui rōpū i mua i te pōtitanga, hou, a ka ngaro tonu. He he plurality o poraka nei e kore e rerekē i ia atu hōtaka. No te mea o tenei rohe pōti e marara, hanga i te pai rawa he.

Heoi, ko te Russian Federation e tika ana ki te Ture, me te ture o nāianei te neke atu i tenei au. Ko te kupu, i roto i te pōtitanga ki te State Duma i roto i 1995 i tuhia ai te hunga i rite 43 rōpū tōrangapū. I roto i te 1999 - kua 26, a i te 2003, me te iti iho noa - 22 Party. Katoa tau, heke tenei tau.

te mana pūnaha rōpū Russian e ture, nga whakaritenga taketake whakaturia atu i roto i te ture "I ngā rōpū tōrangapū". Na roto i tenei whakapai ake pānui i roto i te pūnaha.

I raro i te ture, me whai ia rōpū i te iti rawa 50 mano iwi, me whai te reira he iti o ngā rōpū-rohe i roto i te 50 rohe o Russia, ia o nei me whai i 100 ngā mema. Nui ake tauārai, me te haere i te Duma. I mua, e hiahiatia ana te rōpū i 5% o te pōti o te rohe pōti, i teie nei - i te iti rawa 7%.