Hanganga, Pūtaiao
Ko te whakamahi o te rapa i roto i te rongoā, me te ahumahi. Ko te whakamahi o te rapa tūturu: Tauira
Rubber Ko te pūhui organic he waro me te hauwai nei matua wāhanga. Haere ia i roto i o te tipu a Papatuanuku motuhake, maha i huaina o rapa. Enei māngai o te otaota Māori ki te tropics. Ratou okana (hua, rau, peka, kātua, pakiaka) i roto i te taherapa. e kore ko te wai wai Academy tenei, huaota, ruarua tonu kaiputaiao te pū o tona faufaa mo te ora o te tinana tipu. taherapa reira i roto i whiwhi coagulation papatipu rapa totoka, i te mea he rapa tūturu me te taiao.
History o te kitea o te rapa tūturu
Takoha Hristofora Kolumba kore e roto i te whanaketanga o te civilisation ao iti ki te āhuatanga nui matawhenua. Ko tona kaipuke, te hāmene ki te motu o Hispaniola i 1493, ka mau ki a Spain, te hua tuatahi o te rapa. Ko reira rubbery pōro bouncy, i hanga te kāinga i te wai o ngā rākau rapa - tipu kitea i runga i nga pareparenga o te Amazon. Te kitenga rite nga Inia anaanatae maka mea whakamiharo, e te pa te whenua, a tae noa poipoia, pera he ora, rite hanga te peke, i kore tino miharo nga Spaniards. I muri ngana ki te pupuri i te pōro bouncy, ka haere mai ratou ki te mutunga e ko te reira taimaha nui, a tae noa utua whakarongo ki tona stickiness me te haunga āhuatanga o te paowa.
Ko te whakamahi o te rapa i nga Inia e kore he pera iti. iwi Local takaro kahore anake te pōro, engari whakamahia te reira i roto i ngā tikanga fakalotu. Na te wai o te rakau, i nei i whiwhi ai, whakaaro tapu me huaina a reira i te "hua rapa", e te tikanga "roimata rakau."
I roto i te pākiki hoki kawea e Columbus ki Spain, i reira ko ano hoki tenei pōro rerekē. Mai i taua wa i timata te hītori o te whakamahi o te rapa.
Ko te whakamātau tuatahi ki te whakamahi i
Otiia kihai i Pakeha utua rawaka whakarongo ki te whakamiharo o Inia. A ki runga ki te rau tau XVIII kihai i whakaaro o te āhua o te whanui, me te kanorau hōkai o te rapa. Anake, no te nga te mau melo o te waitaua Wīwī ki te haere ki te ngahere pārūrū o Amerika ki te Tonga, i kawea ano e ia ki a Europe, utua matou i whakarongo ki a ia. haere mai o ara moni rahi, no te pūtaiao French S. Condamine, korero ana i te Runanga o te Paris Academy o Sciences, whakakitea tauira o tenei taonga, whakakitea ara o tono taea me ngā hua i hanga o reira.
whānui te whakamahi o te rapa maori i roto i Europe tīmata a tawhio noa 1770, ka kua puta he apatoko hou i roto i ngā kura - gummilastik, i whakamahia ki te ūkui i te rārangi pene.
Na ka anga te rapu kaha mō ngā wāhi ka taea o te whakamahi o te rapa. Ko reira ki te wa o nga Whītiki Invention me miro rapa. He ma'imi Scottish Charles Macintosh fifili apu i te kahu angiangi o te rapa i waenganui nga papa e rua o te papanga, ko te kupu whiwhi he papanga parewai. i tēnei rauemi he kahu rongonui haurangi ka reira tona ingoa i te ma'imi. i huaina ratou Macs.
Ko te tiango o te ahumahi rapa
i kāore i whai tuatahi ki te whakapai ake i te hanga o te hū parewai. Galoshes, ahakoa kua riro rawa huatau mō te wā poto o te wā, engari e kore te mea rerekē māmā. I roto i te matao, kia anganga ratou, engari i roto i te wera tata rewa a hoatu atu he kakara kino.
kihai i he kaitito o te ngākau muri roa. I tetahi o aua tau i roto i te maha ngā wāhi o Europe ko raumati rawa wera. I raro i te mana o tiketike hua pāmahana ahumahi rapa tahuri ki papatipu ri'ari'a-hongi. hinonga katoa o tenei ahumahi ka haere kaihau.
Opening o Charles Goodyear
A e kore tetahi kua whakaaro ake e pā ana ki te galoshes me Macs, ki te kahore hoki te vilitakí o te American Charles Goodyear. Kua oti rawa ia ki te kimi huarahi ki te hanga o te rauemi rapa pai mō ngā tau e maha.
pau Goodyear te rota o te tamataraa, te ranu rapa ki tata katoa. tapiritia ia ki reira, me te tote, me te pepa, me te onepu, a tae noa hupa. Ka pau tona moni, me te mana katoa, te ma'imi kua ngaro tumanako. Otiia i karaunatia ana tautooraa ki te angitu ano. Tāpiri i te pūhui whanariki, kua kitea taua mea e kaha, me te elasticity, a ake pūmautanga ngāwhā.
Ko te kupu, i taea ki te whakapai ake i te rapa ia. Ngā Āhuatanga me tono ka ano he hononga hou te ahanoa o ako o pūtaiao me industrialists. Goodyear rauemi hua tatou karanga nei rapa, me te tukanga i roto i nei riro ai - vulcanizing te rapa.
Ko te tōnuitanga rapa
I muri i te whakatuwheratanga autaia ki te pūtaiao hari hinga maha horo'a ki te hoko i te ārai mo te rauemi tenenga. riro te whakamahi o te rapa mo te hanga o te rapa kua nui. Ki tenei mutunga, kua timata tata katoa whenua ki te titiro mō ngā huarahi o te maara i roto i to ratou rohe o nga rakau rapa. I roto i tenei whakaaro, ko te waimarie tino o Brazil, no te mea e ko te aha ko te āhua te rangatira o te rakau nui o taua tipu. Kei te hanga kāwanatanga o Brazil te rota o te kaha ki te noho i te heriheri i roto i tenei rohe, kei te tino rāhuitia kaweake o purapura, me te kuao rakau tipu rapa. Hoki tenei hara i ara whakaurua te tautea mate.
Ko te pakeha Vikgem he mahi tirohia, whakahaere ki te tiki ki te pareparenga o te Amazon, te wahi tangohia puku, ka tonoa ki te UK 70,000 rapa rakau purapura. A ahakoa e kore tutu'a rohe tahuri tonu i runga i te rohe o te āhuarangi rerekē ki te tupu i te tipu pārūrū, whakawhetai ki a ratou mau tautooraa i muri puta etahi wa i runga i te mākete, he iti, me te utu rapa Ingarihi.
Na, hei te whakamahi o te rapa tūturu kua pera whānui kua nui e te nui o te rapa 100 000. I whakarewahia te reira i hanga o te tau nui o ngā hua hou: whitiki nekeneke me te mātao, "kāpia" mo te rinena, hu rapa, poihau a ngā tamariki, me te pera i runga i. . Heoi, te whakamahi matua o te rapa tūturu kua e pā ana ki te ahumahi automotive ka whakaaro waka-te tuatahi, a ka te potae.
Ko te whakamahi o te rapa me te rapa i roto i to tatou whenua i hoki he wa roa e hāngai ana i runga i to ratou hanga o ngā rauemi raw ke. Anake ka kitea ratou dandelions i katatānga, nga pakiaka o e roto i te rapa, te hua rapa tuatahi i rauemi kāinga. Otiia ko reira tukanga wa-e kai ana rawa, ka rite ki te rapa kōwhiringa o pakiaka aihere e te wa rawa te roa e tika ana ki tona kukū iti (16-28%).
Te faaineineraa o te rapa waihanga
e kore e rauemi Natural rapa māori te whakatau i te titauraa teitei o te taupori mō te taonga i hanga i tenei rauemi. Na he tauine nui nui ko te hanga o te rapa waihanga.
SV Lebedev i 1910 mo te wa tuatahi riro te rapa waihanga. I whakaritea te rauemi mo te hanga o te butadiene i te waihā ewaro. I muri mai, na roto i te raveraa i polymerization tauhohe te whakamahi i konganuku konutai i whiwhi rapa waihanga butadiene.
production Industrial o rapa waihanga
I roto i te 1925, whakaturia SV Lebedev ahau te mahi o te kimi i te tikanga ahumahi o te ariā o te rapa. I pai faatiti'aifarohia te reira i roto i rua tau. tikanga Laboratory tuatahi i synthesized torutoru rapa kiro. Reira timata Lebedev ki ako i te āhuatanga o te rapa, me te whakawhanake i tohutao unu i nga taonga kiritaki e tika ana.
A i roto i nga tau e whai ake nei i te whakamahi o te rapa i te whāinga nui o te S. V. Lebedeva. Ko reira i runga i tona tikanga ki te whakato tuatahi o te ao e hua tenei rauemi i whiwhi e te puranga tuatahi o tenei rauemi mo te tauine ahumahi.
I roto i te wā i 1932 ki te 1990, kua te Soviet Union kua he rangatira i roto i ngā o te hanga i roto i te ahumahi. Whakamahi o taea waihanga rapa ki te whakawhānui i te whānuitanga o ngā hua hangarau rapa, i roto i ngā: hua i hanga o rapa ngohengohe, kapu hu, ngā korere me ngongo, käpia me adhesives, peita, me te tahi atu e hāngai ana-te taherapa.
Waihanga rapa: Āhuatanga me tono
Na tino nui haere te whānuitanga o te rapa waihanga, ka whakaritea ki te waenganui o XX rautau. Various momo kia ai taua mea tino rerekē ngā āhuatanga hanganga matū me te kiritaki. Whakarōpū o rapa waihanga e hāngai ana i runga i te rerekētanga o te waetahi e kua whakamahia i roto i tona faaineineraa. Heoi, i reira he isoprene, butadiene, chloroprene me ētahi atu momo. E ai ki tetahi atu whakarōpū, kua wehea rubbers ki ngā momo i runga i te rōpū āhuatanga o ngota e kua whakaurua i roto i to ratou hanganga rānei. Hei tauira, matau momo o polysulfide, rubbers silicone me te rite. D.
Ko te tikanga tuatahi o te whakaputa rapa waihanga - i te polymerization o dienes me waiwaro rua. Ka taea te huaina e te waetahi tino noa i roto i tenei take butadiene, isoprene, ethylene, acrylonitrile me etahi atu.
Ētahi momo o polysulfide, whakaputaina polyurethane rapa te i roto i te tauhohenga tōhau.
Rubbers o whakaaro whānui me te motuhake
I roto i te runga i mara tono rubbers taea te wehea ki ngā rauemi whakaaro whānui me te motuhake. Māngai o te rōpū tuatahi i te huinga o ngā āhuatanga e hanga i taua mea taea ki te whakamahi ia ratou mo te hanga o ngā hua, me puta āhuatanga rapa i pāmahana noa. Ko te whakamahi o-whakaaro motuhake rapa waihanga tiaki āhuatanga me i ngā āhuatanga tino, hei tauira, i raro i te mana o te huka me te ahi, pekerangi me te hāora, me pera i runga i tā. D.
rapa Isoprene: tono
I runga i te hanganga o te isoprene rapa he tino rite ki tūturu. Nō reira, ko te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga o enei matū nuinga hāngai.
Ko tōna huakore ngā ātete rawakore ki pāmahana teitei, Ozone me te rā tika. Iti kaha ngātahi o te rapa i runga i a ratou - ko te āhuatanga e hanga ana e ia rapa isoprene iti rongonui. tono Ko reira uaua tika ki nui haere stickiness, kore o te anga, me te rere. Otiia i roto i te hua nukurau kotahi e kore e e rapua e te tokomaha nui o ngā wāhanga o te pūhui, rubbers isoprene whakamahia whānui.
pāti rapa
puta hoki te whakamahi o te rapa i roto i te rongoā. Ko te hua tino noa i runga i te ahumahi hauora, hua i te whakamahi o te rapa - he ropu-āwhina. Ko reira he ranunga o te rapa me te matū pānga rongoa. Ko te painga o taua pāti:
- tiaki wā roa-o tackiness;
- hototahi ki maha taero;
- harmlessness;
- noho o te whakamahi.
Kei te tukanga whakaputa o tātau 1 wahi rapa i roto i te 12 wahi o penehīni. Na ka whakaurua ki te otinga atu wāhanga e pā ana: hinu paina (faarahi stickiness), te Hinuwūru (ārai whakamaroke), konutea waikura (ngoikore ritenga), taero (pānga haumanu hanga).
Implants hanga o rapa
Ko e mo'oni e taea te huaina tuhinga rapa faufaa implants okana tangata. Ko te whakamahi o te rapa i roto i to ratou production ko ngā tata a ko te timatanga o te wā hou i roto i te whanaketanga o te rongoā.
implants Tracheal Ko nga rauemi o poliaktilatov, polysiloxanes, haukini. ngakau Artificial E hanga me ona wahi o polyurethane me polioksilanov. Polyethylene me polypropylene ko te rauemi mō te whakaputa wahi rawatia ētehi pū kai, me polyvinyl pūhaumāota ko te wāhanga nui o te ētehi atu wahi o te pūnaha kūnatu. Ko te oko toto tāwhaiwhai hanga o polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene me te polypropylene. Ki te kitea te iwi ki hauā, wheua hou me hononga tauturu i polyacrylates, haukini, polyurethanes.
Ko te whakamahi o te rapa i roto i ngā hua ahumahi
He nui te uara o te rapa i roto i te ōhanga motu. Heoi, ko te whakamahi o te rapa maori i roto i tona puka parakore - he rarity. Kei te tino whakamahia nuitia te reira i rite te rapa. E kitea Products hanga o tenei rauemi i roto i te ora ia rā i nga tahuri. Tenei mātao waea, me te hanga o te hu, me kakahu, me potae motokā, me te ake.
I roto i te ahumahi hu e whakamahia, rite ki te tikanga, te momo e whai ake nei o te rapa: maiengi (kapu), hiako-rite (te wahi o raro o te hu), mārama (rekereke).
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