Kōnakonako: ngā āhuatanga ōkiko, i ngā āhuatanga matū. Ko te whakamahi o te pūhui o kōnakonako me ratou

Ko te kōnakonako i roto i te taka pūmotu ki te maui o te haurehu rangatira. Ēnei āhuatanga konganuku paitini e rima ngā i roto i te rōpū 7 o te Taka Pūmotu. Ko ētahi o ēnei köwhai, māota, pūkeha, iodine me te astatine. Ahakoa noa he kanoirite ora-poto astatine iratuki, me te he, kua whakatoatoa nei te reira rite iodine me te maha whakaaro ki kōnakonako. Ka rite ki nga mea timatanga kōnakonako e whitu irahiko honohono, me te reira kotahi anake anō irahiko ki te hanga i te octet oti. hanga ana tēnei āhuatanga atu kaha ratou i te tahi atu rōpū o-konganuku kore.

āhuatanga General

Kōnakonako hanga he rāpoi ngota diatomic (X ₂ momo i reira X ko te kōnakonako) - kōnakonako oraraa puka-pūmau pūtau rite noa. Whakapā o rāpoi diatomic he nonpolar, me kotuari kotahi. Ko te āhuatanga matū o kōnakonako tukua ki a ratou te hanga i ngāwari pūhui ki te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga, kia kore ratou e kitea i roto i te puka herekore i roto i te natura. Fluoro - kōnakonako tino kaha, me te astatine - iti.

rōpū kōnakonako katoa hanga e ahau tai ki ngā āhuatanga rite. I roto i enei pūhui, he hakari rite te anion kōnakonako ki te tiaki o -1 (hei tauira, Cl ^-, Br ^{-) halides.} Mutu -id tohu te aroaro o ng ngota kōnakonako; hei tauira Cl ^- i huaina "pūhaumāota".

I tua atu, tukua nga āhuatanga matū o kōnakonako ki a ratou mahi āpiha rite oxidizing - konganuku oxidized. tauhohenga te nuinga matū e pā ana kōnakonako -, pitihāoratanga i roto i te wairewa. Kōnakonako hanga kotahi here ki waro ranei hauota i roto i ngā pūhui matū waro, te wahi i te tohu o te hāora (CO) he rite ki te -1. A, no te whakakapia e te kōnakonako ngota ngota hauwai covalently herea i roto i te pūhui organic, kia te whakamahi āwheo kuhimua i roto i te tikanga whānui, ranei ngā kuhimua i fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- - kōnakonako motuhake. kia whai huānga kōnakonako te here crisscross ki te hanga i ngā rāpoi ngota diatomic ki neke here kotahi kotuari.

Māota (Cl ₂₎ ko whakatuwheratia te kōnakonako tuatahi i roto i 1774, i na ka puaki iodine (ahau _2), pūkeha (Br _2), köwhai (F ₂₎ me te astatine (I, kitea muri i 1940 YG). Ko te ingoa "kōnakonako" ahu te i te hal- Kariki pakiaka ( «tote») me -Gen ( «puka"). Tahi, te tikanga o enei kupu "te tote-hanga", fakamamafa'i te meka e tauhohe te kōnakonako ki konganuku ki te hanga i tai. Halite - te ingoa o te toka tote, kohuke māori titoa o te konutai pūhaumāota (NaCl). I te pae hopea, te kōnakonako whakamahia i roto i te kāinga - kei pūkōwhai i roto i te kirīmi, patu huakita chloro inu wai, iodine me whakatairanga te whanaketanga o hormones thyroid.

huānga matū

Fluoro - huānga ki tau ngota 9, te tohu e F. Ko te köwhai timatanga i kitea tuatahi i roto i 1886 g mā te faatea i te reira i te waikawa hydrofluoric.. I roto i te āhua noa vai te reira i roto i te puka o ngā rāpoi ngota diatomic fluoro (F ₂₎ me ko te kōnakonako tino noa, i roto i te kirinuku. Fluoro - huānga tino electronegative o te ripanga pūmotu. I te pāmahana rūma, he hau kōwhai koma. Köwhai hoki kua he pūtoro āhua iti ngota. Ko tōna CO - -1 anake kāwanatanga diatomic timatanga i roto i nei tona āhua piti hāora ko te kore. Fluoro tino matū kaha, me te taunekeneke hāngai ki ngā āhuatanga katoa anake haumāmā (ia), haukura (Nephi) me hauhauhā (Ara). Ko te H ₂ E te otinga, waikawa hydrofluoric (HF) ko te waikawa ngoikore. Ahakoa fluoro tino electronegative, e kore tona electronegativity whakatau i te kawatanga; HF Ko te waikawa ngoikore tika ki te meka i he taketake te katote pūkōwhai (pH> 7). I tua atu, hua fluoro hāora rawa kaha. Hei tauira, ka taea e köwhai ariu ki te hautūāpōkere hau e mangere me te hanga he difluoride āpitihāora hautūāpōkere kaha (XeF _2). I roto i te maha tono o pūkōwhai.

Māota - huānga ki tau ngota 17 me te tohu matū Cl. Kitea i roto i te 1774 i te g. Te wehe i te reira i te waikawa pūmāota. I roto i tona āhua timatanga hanga reira he rāpoi ngota diatomic Cl _2. Māota He maha ngā SB -1, 1, 3, 5, me te 7. I te pāmahana rūma ko reira hau matomato marama. Mai te here i hanga e te i waenganui i nga ngota māota e rua, he ngoikore, Cl ₂ muingota he kaha tiketike rawa ki te tomo ki roto ki te hononga. tauhohe māota ki konganuku ki te hanga i tai, e te hunga kua huaina te pūhau. katote pūhaumāota Ko nga katote nui tino i roto i roto i te vairaa pape. Māota hoki e rua kanoirite: ³⁵ Cl me ³⁷ Cl. Konutai pūhaumāota Ko te hononga tino noa o te pūhau katoa.

Pūkeha - he āhuatanga matū ki te ngota tau 35 me te tohu Br. I kitea tuatahi te reira i roto i 1826 i roto i te puka o te pūkeha pūmotu he rāpoi ngota diatomic, Br _2. I te pāmahana rūma, he mea he wai whero-parauri. Ko tōna CO - -1, + 1, 3, 4 me te 5. Bromo atu kaha atu i iodine, engari he iti kaha i te māota. I tua atu, e rua ⁷⁹ Br me ⁸¹ Br bromo kanoirite. puta pūkeha i roto i te puka o tai pūkeha, rewa i roto i te vairaa pape. I roto i nga tau tata nei, kua nui haere te hanga o pūkeha i roto i te ao tino no te mea o tona wātea, me te ora roa. Ka rite ki ki ētahi atu kōnakonako pūkeha me te āpitihāora ko reira rawa paitini.

Iodine - huānga matū ki tau ngota 53 me te I. tohu kua te piti hāora konutawa: -1, +1, +5 me +7. He he i roto i te puka o te rāpoi ngota diatomic, _{2 ahau.} I te pāmahana rūma he papura te taonga totoka. Iodine kua kotahi kanoirite pūmau - ¹²⁷ I. kitea Tuatahi i roto i te 1811, ki te awhina o ngä pükohu me te waikawa pūngāwhā. I tēnei wā, e taea te taratahi katote konutawa i roto i te wai moana. Ahakoa te meka e kore he tino wairewa i te wai konutawa, kia nui haere ai tona memehatanga ka whakamahi i iodides motuhake. Iodine whai wāhi nui i roto i te tinana, te whakawhitiwhiti i roto i te hanga o hormones thyroid.

Astatine - he āhuatanga iraruke ki te tau ngota 85 me te tohu I. kī Ko tōna hāora taea -1, 1, 3, 5, me te 7. Ko te kōnakonako anake e kore te mea e he rāpoi ngota diatomic. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, he konganuku pakeke rauemi pango. Astatine Ko te huānga rawa onge, na iti mohiotia te e pā ana ki a ia. I tua atu, astatine he poto rawa hawhe-ora, kore atu i te tahi haora. Riro mai i roto i te tau 1940 kia rite ki te hua o te kōtuitanga. Kei te whakapono te reira i taua astatine rite ki iodine. Te āhuatanga āhuatanga konganuku.

Ko te tepu whakaatu ana i raro i te hanganga o te ngota kōnakonako, te hanganga o te paparanga o waho o irahiko.

Taua hanganga ai te kahu waho o irahiko e nga āhuatanga ōkiko me matū rite ki te kōnakonako. Heoi, ka whakatairite i enei āhuatanga, me te rerekētanga kitea.

āhuatanga Periodic rōpū kōnakonako

ke ngā āhuatanga ōkiko o ngā matū ohie o te kōnakonako ki te whakanui ake i te maha raupapa o te huānga. Hoki pai absorption me te mārama nui, whakahere tatou he torutoru tepu koe.

Rewa me te koropupu ngā i roto i te piki rōpū ki te whakanui ake i te rahi o te rāpoi ngota (F

Ripanga 1. Ko te kōnakonako. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko: rewa me te ira e koropupu

• Ko te piki pūtoro ngota.

piki rahi kākano (F

Ripanga 2: kōnakonako. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko: radii ngota

• heke ionization pūngao.

Ki te kahore e irahiko honohono waho kei tata ki te karihi, mo ratou tango e kore e rapua e te rota o te pūngao i te reira. Ko te kupu, e kore te mea pera tiketike i roto i te wahi o raro o te rōpū o ngā āhuatanga i te pūngao e hiahiatia ana mō te pana o te irahiko waho, mai i reira he nui ake ngā taumata pūngao. I tua atu, ionization pūngao tiketike ai te huānga ki te whakaatu kounga kore-konganuku. āhuatanga konganuku no te mea iti te pūngao ionization te (I <

Ripanga 3. kōnakonako. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko: ionisation pūngao

• Electronegativity heke.

Ko te maha o ngā irahiko honohono, i roto i te piki ngota ki te whakanui ake taumata pūngao i ngā taumata haeretia raro. He riirii tata i te matua irahiko; Ko te kupu, e kore e te karihi me te irahiko rite ngā ki tahi i te tahi. Ko te hua i roto i te āta reira. Na reira heke Electronegativity ki te whakanui ake wā (I <

Ripanga 4. kōnakonako. ngā āhuatanga ōkiko: electronegativity

• heke irahiko pakuwha.

Mai te rahi o te piki ngota ki te wā, kei te tikanga heke te marena irahiko (B <

Ripanga 5. Hototahi irahiko kōnakonako

• huānga tauhohenga heke.

Tauhohenga o te kōnakonako heke ki te whakanui ake wā (I <

matū pararopi. Hauwai + kōnakonako

Kōnakonako i hanga ka tali kōnakonako te ki atu, huānga iti electronegative ki te hanga i te pūhui-rua. tauhohe hauwai ki kōnakonako ki te hanga i halides momo Hx:

• hauwai pūkōwhai HF;
• pūhaumāota HCl;
• hauwai pūkeha HBr;
• hauwai HI konutawa.

E ngāwari halides hauwai rewa i roto i te wai ki te hanga i te hydrohalic (hydrofluoric, pūmāota, hydrobromic, waikawa hydroiodic). E hoatu ana te āhuatanga o ēnei waikawa i raro.

Ko te waikawa i hanga e te tauhohenga e whai ake: Hx (aq) + H ₂ E (l) → X ^- (aq) + H ₃ E ⁺ (aq).

Katoa hauwai kōnakonako ki te hanga waikawa kaha, ki te kahore HF.

piki kawatanga waikawa hydrohalic: HF

Ka taea e waikawa Hydrofluoric etch te karaihe, me etahi fluorides inorganic wa roa.

Kia mea te reira huakore e HF ko te waikawa hydrohalic ngoikore, mai köwhai ano he electronegativity tiketike. Otiia ko te tino kaha H-F here, hua i roto i te waikawa rawa ngoikore. tautuhia te hononga kaha e te roa here poto me te pūngao dissociation nui. O nga halides katoa hauwai kua HF te roa hononga poto me te nui rawa pūngao here dissociation.

oxoacids kōnakonako

Kōnakonako waikawa OXO he waikawa ki ngota hauwai, te hāora, me te kōnakonako. taea ratou kawatanga te whakaritea e te tātari i te hanganga. E aroaro oxoacids kōnakonako i raro:

• Hypochlorous waikawa, HOCl.
• Chlorous waikawa HClO _2.
• Chloric waikawa HClO _3.
• Perchloric waikawa HClO _4.
• Hypobromous waikawa, HOBr.
• waikawa Bromic, HBrO _3.
• Perbromic waikawa HBrO _4.
• Hoi waikawa Hypoiodous.
• Iodic HIO waikawa _3.
• Metayodnaya waikawa HIO4, H5IO6.

I roto i ia o enei waikawa iraoho herea ki te ngota hāora, na te rite o te here roa e huakore iraoho. takaro te tūranga tino e konei i te electronegativity. piki kawatanga ki te maha o ngā ngota hāora herea ia ki te ngota pokapū.

Ko te ahua me te āhua o te mea

Ka taea te faaite poto nga āhuatanga ōkiko taketake o te kōnakonako i roto i te ripanga e whai ake.

ahua whakamārama

Tae Ko te hua o kōnakonako absorption o te marama kitea e rāpoi ngota meinga irahiko hiamo. absorbs Fluoro puru marama, a reira titiro kōwhai koma. Iodine, i roto i te rerekē, absorbs marama kōwhai me te titiro reira papura (kōwhai me te papura - tae hoapiri). riro te tae kōnakonako mumura ki te whakanui ake wā.

Ko te ipu hiri pūkeha wai, me te konutawa mārō kei roto i taurite ki tona kohu, e taea te kite pera te hau tae.

Ahakoa te unknown astatine tae, kua whakapono reira e kia waiho hei iodine mumura (t. E. Black) i roto i runga i te tauira kitea.

Na, ki te mea i ui koe: "Te whakaahua i te āhuatanga ōkiko o kōnakonako," ka mea koutou.

Ko te tohu o te hāora o kōnakonako i roto i pūhui

Kei te maha te tohu o te piti hāora whakamahia hei utu o "honohono o kōnakonako." Tikanga, te āhua hāora rite ki te -1. Otiia ki te hono i te kōnakonako te ki tetahi atu hāora kōnakonako ranei, kia tango i te reira te tahi atu āhua: hāora -2 SB he matua. I roto i te take o ngota kōnakonako rerekē e rua herea ia tahi Predominates atu ngota electronegative me e CO -1.

Hei tauira, i roto i te pūhaumāota konutawa (ICl) he chloro CO -1, +1 me te konutawa. Ko atu electronegative atu iodine māota, na reira he rite ki te -1 te CO.

Ko te waikawa bromic (HBrO ₄₎ hāora he CO -8 (-2 x 4 = -8 ngota). Hauwai kua he katoa tau pitihāoratanga +1. Addition o enei uara e rua homai CO -7. Mai te pūhui whakamutunga kia SB kore, te CO he whitu pūkeha.

Ko te toru o okotahi ki tenei tikanga ko te tohu o te piti hāora o te kōnakonako i roto i te puka mea timatanga (X _2), i reira tona CO ōrite te kore.

He aha ki köwhai te -1 tonu?

faarahi Electronegativity ki te wā. Na reira, ko te hau köwhai kua te electronegativity teitei o ngā āhuatanga katoa, kia rite ki kitea e tona tūranga i roto i te ripanga pūmotu. Ko tōna whirihoranga hiko 1s ² 2s ² 2p ^5. Ki te whiwhi pūkōwhai tetahi irahiko, e tino ki tonu orbitals p tino, me te hanga i te octet oti. No te hau köwhai he electronegativity tiketike, ka taea e ngāwari tīpako reira he irahiko i te ngota tata. Pūkōwhai i roto i tenei take isoelectronic hau e mangere (ki waru irahiko honohono) me ona orbitals waho katoa ki tonu. I roto i tenei ahua, ko te nui atu eu köwhai.

Te faaineineraa, me te whakamahi o te kōnakonako

I roto i te natura, ko nga kōnakonako i te anion, na hua te kōnakonako noa e piti hāora i te iahiko i hāora ranei. Hei tauira, i hanga māota e tauhohenga wai o te wairewa konutai pūhaumāota. Ko te whakamahi o kōnakonako me ratou pūhui kanorau.

• Pūkōwhai. Ahakoa te meka e ko te tino urupare köwhai, e whakamahia ai i roto i ngā ahumahi maha. Hei tauira, ko reira he wāhanga matua o te polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) me ētahi atu fluoropolymers. Chlorofluorocarbons e organic matū e kua mua kua whakamahia rite refrigerants me propellants i roto i aerosols. Kua mutu ratou tono e tika ana ki to ratou pānga taea i runga i te taiao. i whakakapi ratou e hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Kei te tāpiri köwhai ki te kirīmi (SnF ₂₎ me te wai inu (NaF) ki te ārai i te niho pirau. , Alumina (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ mo te mātao o te taputapu ngaohiko tiketike (SF ₆₎ i roto i te kōnakonako te i roto i te paru e whakamahia ana ki te whakaputa i etahi momo o okouku (LiF), whakamahia i roto i te mana karihi (UF ₆₎ ki te whiwhi i te rongoā paturopi _{fluoroquinolone.}
• kitea hoki māota he momo o whakamahinga. Kei te whakamahia te reira mo te disinfection o te wai inu me te kauhoe poka. Te konutai pēhau (NaClO) ko te wāhanga matua o te āpiha bleaching. Kei te whānui whakamahia waikawa pūhaumāota i roto i te ahumahi me te taiwhanga. Māota reira i roto i te polyvinyl pūhaumāota (pvc) me ētahi atu waerau e kua whakamahia hoki waea mātao, korere me te hikohiko. Ano, kua māota kua whai hua i roto i te ahumahi ho'oraa. Medicaments kei roto māota, e whakamahia ana ki te hamani mate, mate pāwera, me te mate huka. puka hydrochloride kūpapa - he wāhanga o maha taero. Kei te whakamahia hoki māota ki whakahoromata taputapu hōhipera, me te disinfection. I roto i te ahuwhenua, māota ko te wāhanga o maha arumoni patukīrea DDT (dihlorodifeniltrihloretan) i whakamahia hei ngarara nei ahuwhenua, engari i mutu tona whakamahi.

• Pūkeha, no te mea o tona nonflammability, whakamahia ki te tautāwhi i parariraa. Kei reira hoki methyl pūkeha, he paihana whakamahia mo te rokiroki o hua me te pehanga o huakita. Heoi, te whakamahi nui o methyl pūkeha kua mutu hoki o tona pānga i runga i te pekerangi. whakamahia pūkeha te i roto i te hanga o te penehīni, kiriata whakaahua, whakapoko ahi, rongoā hoki te maimoatanga o te kakā me te mate o Alzheimer.
• Iodine whai wāhi nui i roto i te mahi tika o te repe thyroid. Ki te kore e whiwhi i te tinana nui iodine, nui haere te repe thyroid te. Hoki te ārai o te goiter tāpiri kōnakonako kaha ki te tote tepu. Kei te whakamahia hoki konutawa hei rongoā. roto Iodine te i roto i te rongoā e whakamahia ana mo te purenga o tuwhera tunga, me te hoki i roto i ringihia Tāhorongia. I tua atu, he nui i roto i te pikitia konutawa hiriwa.
• Astatine - kōnakonako whenua iraruke me onge, e kore te pera atu whakamahia. Kei te whakapono te reira e taea tenei huānga te āwhina ki te konutawa i te ture o hormones thyroid.