Matū pararopi - he aha te mea tenei? matū pararopi i roto i te marautanga kura

akoranga matū i roto i ngā kura tīmata i roto i te kōeke 8 ki te ako i te mau parau tumu whānui o te pūtaiao: whakaahua i te momo ka taea o here i waenganui i ngā ngota, momo o ripekapeka karaihe me nga tikanga tauhohenga tino noa. riro tenei te turanga mo te ako o te wāhanga nui, engari atu motuhake - inorganics.

He aha te tenei

matū pararopi - te pūtaiao e whakaaro nga parau tumu o te hanganga, ngā āhuatanga taketake me te tauhohenga o te ripanga pūmotu o huānga. He tūranga nui tō te i roto i te inorganics Periodic ture, e regulates te whakarōpū pūnahanaha o matū ki te taui i to ratou taimaha, tau, me te momo.

karapoti te akoranga pūhui i hanga mā te tauhohe i huānga tepu (anake te okotahi ko te rohe o waiwaro, whakaaro i roto i te mau pene organic). Tūmahi i roto i te matū pararopi tukua ki te whakatutuki i te ariā i roto i te mahi.

Pūtaiao i roto i te tirohanga o mua

puta te ingoa "te pararopi" i roto i runga i te tirohanga e kapi ana ia ratou te wahi o te matauranga matū, e kore e nei i hono ki te mahi o te kaiao koiora.

Neke atu i te wa, kua reira kua kï e te nuinga o te ao waro e ahei te hua me te "ora-kore" o te pūhui, me tetahi momo o waiwaro synthesized i roto i te taiwhanga. Ko te kupu, haukinia cyanate, e taea e te tote huānga matū Wohler German pūtaiao synthesize Urea.

Ki te karo i te whakama ki te nomenclature me whakarōpū o nga momo o rangahau kia te hōtaka o te kura, me te whare wānanga akoranga e rua sciences mō te matū whānui tā te ako o te pararopi rite te ako taketake. I roto i te ao pūtaiao ora te raupapa e ngákaunuitia.

Karaehe inorganics

Matū kai taua whakarato he rauemi i roto i nei pene talateu whakaaro inorganically ture wā āhuatanga. Tenei whakarōpū Ko te momo motuhake, hāngai nei i runga i te whakaaro e te utu karihi ngota i te pānga i runga i nga āhuatanga o ngā matū me ngā kōwhiringa raraunga rerekē cyclically. I te tīmatanga hangaia tepu rite te whakaata o nui huānga papatipu ngota, engari kua hohoro te raupapa i homai, kua paopao hoki o tona kore i roto i te āhuatanga i roto i nei e rapu whakaaro o tenei mea, mea pararopi.

Matū, i roto i te tua ki te taka pūmotu, kōrero te aroaro o e pā ana ki te rau āhua, tautau me kauwhata e whakaatu ana i te āhuatanga auau.

Tēnei wā rongonui putanga whakakotahi o te whakaaro o taua ariā rite akomanga o matū pararopi. Kua tohua te pou o ngā huānga te tepu i runga i te āhuatanga physico-matū, i roto i ngā rārangi - rite ki tetahi ki tetahi wā.

matū Simple i roto i inorganics

Ko te tohu i roto i te ripanga pūmotu me te taonga ohie i roto i te āhua free - maha mea e rua rerekē. I roto i te take tuatahi whakaata reira anake te ahua motuhake o ngota, i roto i te tuarua - te momo o te matūriki pūhui, me to ratou mana tahi i roto i ngā puka pūmau.

Matū hononga i roto i ngā matū ohie meinga ratou ki wehe te whānau. Ko te kupu, e taea te kitea e rua ngā rōpū whānui o ngā momo o ngota - konganuku me-konganuku kore. Ko te whānau tuatahi ngā 96 te mau melo i te 118 ako.

konganuku

momo Metal presupposes he hononga i waenganui i nga korakora o te taua ingoa. Ngā pāhekoheko e hāngai ana i runga i ngā irahiko whakawhanaunga whakakahokaho, āhuatanga hoputika me te hamanga. Ko tenei he aha konganuku he conductors pai o te wera, tiaki, i te umeraa konganuku, kōpoke me te kōngohe.

Conventionally, kua mahue konganuku i roto i te ripanga pūmotu i roto i te rārangi tika tonu i boron ki astatine. Elements i he rite i roto i te wāhi ki tenei raina, ko maha āhua rohe, me te whakaatu i te whene o ngā āhuatanga (hei tauira, germanium).

Konganuku puka tino taketake te pūhui. Ko te tohu o te piti hāora o taua matū nuinga e kore e nui ake rua. I raro i piki metallicity me heke i roto i te wā. Hei tauira, whakaaturia francium iraruke he taonga taketake i te konutai me te whānau kōnakonako kua iodine noa puta umeraa konganuku.

he rerekē i roto i te wā o te āhuatanga - taumata iti oti e mangere, hau, i mua i nei he matū ki ngā āhuatanga ritenga. I roto i te wāhi whakapae o te taka pūmotu o ngā huānga faaite huringa tauhohenga i taketake ki amphoteric waikawa i roto i. Konganuku - te whakaiti i te pai āpiha (farii i irahiko i roto i te hanganga o here).

Non-konganuku

Tenei momo o ngota ngā nga akomanga nui o matū pararopi. noho kore-konganuku te taha ki matau-ringa o te taka pūmotu, te nuinga faaite āhuatanga waikawa. Ko te huānga raraunga tino noa kitea i roto i te puka o pūhui ki tetahi ki tetahi (hei tauira, borates, pūkawa, te wai). I roto i te āhua rāpoi noa te mohiotia ai te oraraa o te whanariki, te hāora, me te hauota. He hoki rave rahi-konganuku kore hau diatomic - motu i te rua whakahuatia i runga ake, ngā enei hauwai, fluoro, bromo, chloro me iodo.

Ko nga matū nui tino i runga i te whenua - ngā silicon noa, hauwai, te hāora, me te waro. Iodine, selenium me te ateneke tohaina iti rawa (konei ko reira taea ki te ngā whirihoranga iratuki, me te iu, e kua kei roto i te wā whakamutunga o te tepu).

I roto i te pūhui o nonmetals tikanga nuinga rite waikawa. He hāora kaha e tika ana ki te taea o hono o irahiko atu ki te whakaoti i te taumata.

matū Matatini i roto i inorganics

Addition o matū e kua faahoho'ahia e tetahi rōpū o ngota wehewehe pūhui ngā rave rahi whirihoranga rerekē. Ka taea e taua matū e rua (arā, o korakora e rua rerekē), toru-, wha-huānga me pera i runga i.

matū e rua-huānga

O te faufaa ngā i roto i ngā rāpoi ngota binarity hononga piri matū. Karaehe o pūhui pararopi e whakaaro hoki i te tirohanga o te hononga i hanga i waenganui i te ngā ngota. pea te reira katote, te konganuku, kotuari (neke ranei nonpolar) whakauru ranei. Tikanga mārama whakaatu taua āpiha taketake (mo te kararehe whakarewa), amphoteric (rua - ngā pono mō te konumohe) ranei waikawa (ki te reira ko te huānga i roto i te āhua piti hāora o +4 ranei teitei) kounga.

E toru hoa huānga

whakarato Kaupapa whakaaro Matū pararopi me tenei momo o ngota rōpū. Ko te pūhui ngā o neke atu i te rua ngā rōpū o ngota (te tikanga mahi pararopi ki te momo e toru-wahi) e te nuinga i hanga ki te whai wāhitanga o te wāhanga e rerekē tino i ia atu i roto i tawhā physicochemical.

momo taea o te kōrero - kotuari, ngota, me te whakauru. Tikanga, e toru-huānga taonga o te whanonga rite ki rua i te meka e tetahi o nga ope interatomic nui kaha tetahi: paku hanga tuarua ko a kua te kaha ki te dissociate i otinga tere.

Karaehe o Matū pararopi

Ko te nuinga nui ako i roto i te akoranga matū pararopi e taea te whakaaro mo te whakarōpū ohie rite ki to ratou hanganga me ngā āhuatanga. Ko te kupu, te wehewehe i waihā, waikawa, waikura me tai. Ko te pai ake whakaaro o ratou hononga ki te tīmata ki te whakataki ki te ariā o ngā puka pitihāoratia, e taea e tata tetahi matū pararopi. Ko te matū o taua hoa kōrero i roto i te pene i runga i waikura.

waikura

Waikura Ko te pūhui o tetahi huānga matū ki te hāora i roto i te āhua pitihāoratanga rite ki te -2 (rite peroxides -1 aua). puta Bond hanganga e tika ana ki te pānga irahiko me te whakaiti ona ki E te ₂ (te wahi huānga tino electronegative he hāora).

A kia waikawa, me amphoteric, me ngā āhuatanga taketake i runga i te rōpū tuarua o ngota rānei. Ki te kore kore e nui ake i tēnei whakarewa i roto i te waikura +2 āhua piti hāora, ki te te whakarewa-kore - i 4, me te runga ake. Ko te tauira ki te tawhā o te natura rua tutuki uara 3.

inorganics waikawa

He iti iho i te 7 i te ihirangi hauwai o tīhiko e kia haere ki te otinga, me te muri whakakapi e te katote whakarewa pūhui waikawa o te reo tauhohenga. E ai ki te whakarōpū he matū matatini. Ka taea te rite te nuinga o nga waikawa mā te faatarapape ki te wai nga waikura hāngai, hei tauira, i roto i te hanganga o te waikawa pungatara i muri i te hydration o SO _3.

Matū pararopi Basic

Ko te āhuatanga o te pūhui o tenei momo e tika ana ki te aroaro o te hydroxyl tuwhena OH, e taea ai te taiao tauhohe i runga 7. Kua huaina nga turanga alkali-wairewa, ko ratou te puai tino i roto i tenei piha haapiiraa o matū i runga i te pūkete o te dissociation oti (whāwehe ki katote i roto i te wai). OH rōpū i roto i te hanganga o tai taea te whakakapi ki ngā toenga waikawa.

mātauranga matū pararopi - he pūtaiao rua e taea te whakaahua i te mea i te tirohanga rerekē. I roto i te turanga ariā protolytic whakaaro rite hauwai acceptors te māraa. Tenei huarahi atu te ariā o tenei piha haapiiraa o matū, alkali karanga tetahi rawa e taea te whakaae i te iraoho.

tai

kitea tēnei momo o pūhui te i waenganui i nga turanga, me te waikawa, i rite te hua o to ratou pāhekoheko. Ko te kupu, kia rite ki te māraa ļa tikanga kaimahi te katote whakarewa (i ētahi wā haukinia, phosphonium hauwai honowai ranei) me te matū anionic - toenga waikawa. A, no te whakakapi hanganga tote e hauwai ki tētahi atu taonga.

Tei runga i te ōwehenga o tauhohenga me te kaha ki te whakapai kanohi ki ia atu tōtika hamani e rave rahi ngā momo o ngā hua tauhohe:

• E whiwhi tai taketake ki te kore e tino whakakapia te rōpū hydroxyl (taua matū he reo tauhohenga kawakore);
• tai waikawa e hanga e i roto i te take te ritenga atu - ki te kore hauwai turanga wāhanga urupare tonu i roto i te hononga;
• te tino e mohiotia, me te ngāwari ki te matau tauwaenga tauira (noa ranei) - ko ratou te hua o tauhohenga neutralization oti ki te hanga i te wai, me te taonga ki noa te māraa ļa whakarewa he orotahi ona ranei me te moiety waikawa.

matū pararopi - te pūtaiao e kau wehewehe piha ia ki nga whatiwhatinga, e kua whakaaro i ngā wā rerekē: kotahi - te aroaro o etahi atu - muri. I te ako hohonu te wehewehe ara 4 momo o Mariao:

• Tärua roto i te anion kotahi i roto i te aroaro o nga tīhiko e rua. Tikanga taua rauemi e te hua o hanumi e rua tai ki te toenga waikawa taua, engari konganuku rerekē.
• ritenga Mixed o te kotahi o mua: ko reira te pūtake o tetahi te māraa ki ng ngota e rua rerekē.
• hydrates tioata - tote, i roto i te tātai o e he wai i roto i te āhua tioata.
• Complexes - te matū i roto i nei e māngai te māraa ļa, anion ranei e rua o ratou i roto i te puka o tautau ki generator. Ka taea te rite taua tai pai io i ngā āhuatanga o te B. Huingaiti

Ka rite ki ētahi atu matū i roto i te awheawhe i runga i pararopi Matū, e taea kia kōmakatia hei Mariao ranei hydrides rite vahe takitahi mohio kia whakahuatia ai, nitrides, carbides me pūhui intermetallic (pūhui o te maha konganuku, koranu-kore).

hua

matū pararopi - te pūtaiao e ko o te pānga ki nga mātanga i roto i tenei ao, ahakoa o ratou ngākau nuitanga. Kei roto te reira i te pene tuatahi, ako i te kura i runga i te tumu parau. Course o pararopi Matū whakarato systematization o buka nui o ngā mōhiohio i roto i te runga ki te whakarōpū mārama, me te ngāwari.