Pere Cruise "Tomahawk": hītori, whakaahuatanga, ngā āhuatanga

I muri i te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao i runga i te tāruru Western kua whakawhanakehia he āhuatanga uaua rawa. I runga i te ringa kotahi, i te maha o ratou kahore raruraru. I te tahi atu - i matou raruraru ki to ratou hanganga kounga. I taua wa, kua puta to matou whenua kaipuke ki te patu pere kaha, te mea kahore he tata taua, me te mana Western. Ko te pūtake o to ratou maha, ko te kaipuke, patu ki te pūnaha pū tawhito me mua.

I taua wa, ka titiro reira anachronism e wehingia ana. Ko te okotahi anake ko te cruiser (te tauira o to tatou kawe rererangi) "Long Beach" me te karihi rererangi kawe "Enterprise". Ko Ko te aha i te mutunga o nga 60raa timata mahi ohooho i runga i te hanganga o missiles ipu te mana, e kua taea ki te tino whakapai ake i te āheinga whawhai o nga Munuwao. Ko te kupu i whanau i te tākirirangi parirau "Tomahawk".

Ko te ngā tuatahi

O te akoranga, te mahi i roto i tenei aronga i hanga i mua i taua wā, kia i haere mai nga tauira tuatahi hohoro nui, te hāngai i runga i whakaaro tawhito āhua. Ko te kotahi rawa tuatahi ko te ërä pere 55 inihi mō te whakamahi ki te launchers rite "Polaris", i riro kē ki te mutu. I riro te reira e ka waiho reira taea ki te rere hoki maile 3,000. Ko te whakamahi o launchers tawhitotia tukua ki te mahi "toto iti" ka retrofitting o kaipuke tawhito.

riro te whakatinanatanga tuarua kua atu Petite 21 inihi tākirirangi ërä tikanga ki te rere i submarines tōkiri. I riro te reira e i roto i tenei take, ka waiho i te whānuitanga e pā ana ki 1,500 maero. Mämä noa iho, te pere ipu (US) "Tomahawk" e riro te kāri tetere e e tukua tāwai te tāruru Soviet. E whai reira nga Ameliká ki te whakatutuki i ō rātou whāinga? Kia kitea te i roto i.

toa whakataetae

I roto i 1972 (te tere phenomenal, i te ara) kua tīpakohia te putanga whakamutunga o te Pūwhakarewa i raro i te missiles ipu hou. Na ka ka te mutunga whakaaetia ai te whakaratonga i runga i to ratou whakawhirinaki moana motuhake. I roto i te Hānuere, kua tīpakohia kua te kōmihana kāwanatanga rua o nga kaitono tino whaihua ki te tango i tetahi wahi i roto i te mau tamataraa tauine-tonu. Ko te kaitono tuatahi ko te kamupene production pai-mohiotia General Dynamics.

Ko te tauira UBGM-109A. tukua te tauira tuarua i te iti-mohiotia (a apataki ia kino) kamupene LTV: tākirirangi UBGM-110A. I roto i te 1976 ka anga ratou ki te whakamatautau i te rere tauira rere i runga i te poari i te waka ruku. I roto i te whānui, tetahi o nga rarangi teitei, ka meinga kahore ngaro e kua mohio kē te toa i roto i te absentia 109A tauira.

tūtohutanga hou

I roto i te tīmatanga o Maehe, faaoti te State Komihana e ko te reira e te US ipu pere "Tomahawk" kua riro te mehua matua o US kaipuke mata. E whā tau i muri mai, i hanga te whakarewatanga tuatahi o te tauira i runga i te poari i te USS. I roto i Pipiri o tenei whakamātautau whati angitu o te putanga poti pere haere te taua tau. Ko he hui nui i roto i te hītori o te hītori katoa o te kaipuke, rite ko reira te whakarewatanga tuatahi i te waka ruku. Neke atu i te te toru tau i muri mai ngā ako patu hou, me te whakamatautau, hua e pā ana ki te rau rere.

I roto i te 1983, ua faaite te Taparima e te pere ipu hou "Tomahawk" Kei te tino whakamatauria me rite mo te tīmatanga o te raupapa production. I pā ana ki te wa taua i tatou i roto i te ki tonu tārere whanaketanga kāinga i roto i ngā āpure ōrite. whakaaro tatou e ka waiho koe pākiki ki te mohio e pā ana ki te mahi whanaunga o te taputapu kāinga, me patu hoariri pea o te Cold War. Ko te kupu, missiles ipu "Tomahawk" me "ërä" whakarite.

Rite ki te "ërä"

• roa Hull kahore tīmatanga whakatere ( "Tomahawk" / "mehua") - 5.56 / 7.2 m.
• Ko te roa i te tīwerawera tīmata - 6.25 / 8.1 m.
• Parirau - 2.67 / 3.3 m.
• Taumaha o nga warheads kore-karihi - 450 kg (US / RF).
• ahua Power karihi - 150 / 100-200 KT.
• tere Flight missiles ipu "Tomahawk" - 0.7 M.
• Ko te tere o "taukei ki" - 0.7 M.

Otiia e kore e taea e koe te kawe i roto i te whakarite unambiguous o te awhe rere. Ko te take i patu US Army ko e rua missiles hou me whakarerekētanga tawhito. Tawhito rawa anake ki te warhead karihi a taea rere ki runga ki te 2.6 mano. Km. pea warheads tikanga New, ngā ipu, "Tomahawk" missiles he ki runga ki te 1.6 mano. Km. Domestic "gauges" taea te kawe ngā momo e rua o paparanga, ngā he 2.5 / 1.5 th. Km aua. I roto i te whānui, i tenei ringa tohu ngā ngā kore e rere ke.

Ko tenei te mea āhuatanga missiles ipu "Tomahawk" me "ërä". Whakatauritea whakaatu ratou e nga āhuatanga o ngā momo e rua o patu a tawhio noa ōrite. he tere rawa pono tenei. Kua mea tonu Amelika e tenei ahua i roto i o ratou tākirirangi teitei. Otiia e kore e te ao hou tata o te "ërä" i rere pōturi.

ngā whakaritenga Basic

Ko te tauira hou o te patu kawea i runga i te kaupapa manureva Pālesi. Housing porotakaroa fairing āhua ogival. Ka taea te takai i te parirau, me te e tu arapaki mau i roto i te wehenga motuhake, kei roto i te wahi pokapū o te tākirirangi, kei muri te stabilizer ripeka. I roto i te hanga o ngā taatou o te whare he alloys konumohe, epoxy kapia me te muka waro. E ratou katoa resistance rere tino iti no te mea he nui rawa te tere "Tomahawk" ipu pere. Tetahi "roughness" ka e kino taua āhuatanga no te mea kia hinga noa te whare ki te neke.

Ki te maximally whakaiti te kitenga o te pūrere mō locators i runga i te mata katoa o te whare ki te tono i te paninga motuhake. Ko te tikanga, i roto i tenei whakaaro, missiles ipu "Tomahawk" (whakaahua o e e kite koutou i roto i te tuhinga) he tino pai atu i te whakataetae. Ahakoa whakaae tohunga e te tūranga anö i roto i te hihiani puku no ki te tauira rere, i roto i nei rere rite nui rite taea te pere te whakamahi i te āhuatanga o te whenua, me te teitei mōkito.

āhuatanga warhead

Ko te matua "miramira" o te pere ko te W-80 warhead. Ko tōna taimaha 123 kirokaramu, roa - kotahi mita, diameter 30 cm mōrahi whakaititanga mana -. 200 KT. puta te pahūtanga i muri whakapā tika ki te whakaaro o te wiki. A, no te whakamahi i karihi whakangaromanga diameter pa i roto i te wāhi Inia noho tangata e taea e ki runga, ki te toru kiromita.

Ko tētahi o te āhuatanga tino nui e titore he pere ipu "Tomahawk" Ko te tika kokirihanga tiketike rawa, e tika ana ki te mea nehenehe o te patu iti-rahi me te nukarau ngā whāinga te kariri. Ko te tūponotanga o tenei ko i 0.85 ki te 1.0 (i runga i te whakamahinga, me te wahi tīmatanga rānei). Mämä noa iho, he tiketike rawa te tika o te "Tomahawk" pere ipu. He kia ngā tetahi mahi patu-ngoto i roto i tona hanganga ki 166 Bom ërä iti warhead Non-karihi. Ko te taimaha o ia tiaki i roto i tenei take, ko te 1.5 kg, he katoa ratou i roto i 24 taura.

pūnaha Mana me te aronga

whakaratohia aronga pū High e te mahi ngā o te maha ngā pūnaha telemetry:

• Ko te māmā o ratou - tūpuku.
• Hoki e whai ake nei i te takiwa o te whenua pahono pūnaha TERCOM.
• Ratonga hiko-optical DSMAC here taea makehe pere pū patu rere tonu ki te whāinga.

Taipitopito o te iahiko mana

Ko te pūnaha māmā he tūpuku. Taumaha o te taputapu, ko te 11 kirokaramu, mahi i te reira anake i runga i te wāhanga tuatahi me te tuarua o te rere. Kei roto te reira i: i runga i-papa rorohiko, he tūāpapa inertial me altimeter tika ohie, e hāngai ana nei i runga i te inenga pono. whakaritea e toru gyro uara ine tinana pere i te akoranga tomu'a me toru accelerometers, i te tikanga o nei te hikohiko i runga i-papa tika kitea whakatere o ngā pokatata. Anake, ka taea tenei pūnaha ki te whakarite e koe te auau o āhua 800 mita ia haora o te rere.

Hea pono me te tika DSMAC, e whai te putanga tino matatau o missiles ipu "Tomahawk BGM 109 A». Me kï reira e mo te mahi o tenei taputapu i roto i te mahara o te taputapu kua ki te kia utaina-mua ki te rangahau-mati o te rohe i runga i nei e rere Tomahawk. Tenei taea ki a koe whakaturia i te kore here noa ki te ruruku, engari ano hoki ki te whenua. Tenei kaupapa, rokohanga, whakamahia e kore anake te US ipu missiles "Tomahawk", engari ano hoki kāinga "Granite".

Mōhiohio i runga i ngā tikanga me ngā tipu tīmata

I kaipuke mō te rokiroki, me te whakarewa patu o tenei momo taea te whakamahi rite tōkiri auau, me te tīmatanga motuhake take poutū (rite te pā submarine). Ko kaipuke mata, ka e eke ratou launchers ipu. Me kï reira e te kaipuke ipu pere "Tomahawk", whakaaro tatou nga āhuatanga o e penapena i roto i te capsule maitai motuhake e "pūmau" i roto i te apa hauota pēhanga teitei.

Rokiroki i raro i enei tikanga e kore e anake āwhina ki te whakarite i te mahi noa te pūrere mō marama noa 30, engari ano ki te hoatu i te reira i roto i te take tōkiri noa, kahore tetahi akatuke'anga hoahoa hou.

Āhuatanga pūrere mana

I mua American kua reira wha korere tōkiri paerewa. E tū ratou e rua i runga i ia taha. Ko te koki - 10-12 nekehanga, i te mea nehenehe o te raveraa i ngā tōkiri ki te hohonu mōrahi. Ka taea e tino tenei meka whakaiti i te āhuatanga a'ira. Putorino ngā ia kōwae o ngā wāhanga e toru. Ka rite ki i roto i maina tōkiri kāinga, kei US missiles i runga i nga awa tautoko me kaiarahi. Kei te kōkirihia Shooting rānei i runga i te whakatuwheratanga kati ranei o te wae taupoki, e hanga ana e ia e taea "koperea ake" ka piti te tōkiri i roto i te ruku te nuinga.

I runga i te hoki o te tōkiri he matapihi mātakitaki i roto e taea e koe te aroturuki i te whakakī o tona kōhao me te mīhini kāwanatanga, te pēhanga mehua. He piri hoki nga whakatau o te hikohiko o te kaipuke, e whakahaere te tukanga o te whakatuwheratanga te pukupuku pūrere, ratou katinga me tonu tukanga tīmatanga-ake. pupuhi Cruise pere "Tomahawk" (ona āhuatanga ka taea e koe te pānui i roto i te tuhinga) kei i te aku e tika ana ki te mahi o nga actuators waipēhi. tāuta Kotahi puoto te i runga i te pūrere katoa e rua i runga i ia taha, mahi i te reira e whai ake:

• Tuatahi, whangai te pūnaha te he tetahi rōrahi o rangi kōpeke, e mahi wā kotahi i runga i te tokotoko o te rango waipēhi.
• Nā ki tenei, tīmata reira ki te tuku wai i roto i te tōkiri kōhao.
• Mai kei te hohoro tonu ratou ki te wai, i te wāhanga muri, kua pressurized i te kōhao, tākirirangi ejection rawaka te tōkiri ranei.
• hanga te hanganga katoa e kia e tukutahi ki te tank i werohia e taea te hono ki te kotahi anake pūrere (e ko, e rua i runga i ngā taha e rua). ārai ana tēnei kākahu-kore whakakī o maina tōkiri kōwhao.

Rite ki ta matou, i roto i te take o kaipuke mata whakamahia canisters whakarewatanga poutū nga tikanga. I roto i to ratou take, i reira te pei tiaki paura, e taea ai etahi hua rere ngā ipu pere "Tomahawk" na roto i te whakaora a ia pūkaha ora Fakatolonga.

tukanga puhipuhi Whakahaere

Hoki e mau ana i roto i nga kaupae faaineineraa katoa me, i roto i te meka, tīmata-ake, he kawenga e kore anake e tu ana i runga i mataotao ohipa, engari ano te ahi pūnaha mana (aka CMS). Ko tōna wāhanga e whakanohoia i roto i te ruma tōkiri me i te piriti. O te akoranga, hoatu te tikanga ki te tīmata i te mahi anake i te wāhi pokapū. He puta hoki ngā pūrere i näianei, e whakaatu ana i te āhuatanga o te tākirirangi me tona faaineineraa no te whakarewanga wā-tūturu.

Me kï hoki he āhuatanga nui o te hononga moana American. whakamahi rātou i matatini whakatikatika pūnaha aunoa me te kōmitimiti. Mämä noa iho, he torutoru submarines me kaipuke mata, e kua patu ki missiles ipu "Tomahawk", e wātea ana i roto i te tuhinga i te āhuatanga mahi o nei, kia mahi pera he "kaiao" kotahi, me te tuku i missiles i te taua ngā taumata tata te wā kotahi. I roto i te tirohanga o te tūponotanga tiketike o patu ara kaipuke rōpū hoariri uta ranei ki te pūnaha ārai kaha, me te paparanga ka tata tino e ngaro.

Te whakarewa i te pere ipu

I muri i te taenga o te tikanga ki te tīmata i te faaineineraa te faarevaraa haamata, e kia tango kaua e nui atu i te 20 meneti. I te wa ano whakaritea te pēhanga i roto i te ngongo tōkiri e ki e ki runga ki te hohonu rumaki ki te whakarewa i missiles kahore tetahi i riria.

Na roto i te tomo i te raraunga e tika ana katoa ki te kawe i roto i pupuhi. A, no te riro te tohu ko, pana waipēhi te pere i roto o te aku. I runga i te mata o te reira haere tonu i raro e pā ana ki 50 nga nekehanga koki, tutuki nei te rite ki te hua o te pūnaha stabilization. Taimi nounou mei ai tautuhi anō Pyrocartridges fairings e whakakitea parirau me stabilizers, ngā boosters.

I roto i tenei wa te pere kua wa ki te rere ki te teitei o āhua 600 m i runga i te wahi matua o te ara rere e kore nui ake te teitei o 60 mita, me te tere -. Tae 885 km / h. Tuatahi, te arata'iraa, me te pāpātanga whakawhiti whakaritenga whakarato pūnaha inertial.

Ko te whakahoutanga

Kei te mahi teie mahana Ameliká wa ki te whakapiki ake i te whānuitanga rere kotahi ki toru ranei wha mano kiromita. Whakatutuki te whakaritea i roto i te whakamahi o engines hou, kora enei tohu, me ki te whakaiti i te papatipu o te tākirirangi iho. Kua whakahaere rangahau i runga i te whanaketanga o ngā rauemi hou e hāngai ana i runga i te muka waro kirihou whakapakaritia, e he nui te kaha me te marama, engari ko reira cheap nui kia taea te whakahaere e ratou i roto i te hanga papatipu.

Tuarua, whakaaro reira ki tino whakapai ake i te tika o ngā. tūmanakohia Hei whakatutuki i tenei te tika ki te whakatinanatanga o te hoahoa o nga wae tākirirangi hou te kawenga mō te tūnga amiorangi pū.

A toru, e kore e nga Amelika mahara ki te whakapiki ake i te hohonu ki te rere 60 mita ki (i te iti rawa) o 90-120 mita. Ki te angitu ratou, te meka e tīmata-ake "Tomahawk" ka riro noa atu uaua ki te kitea. Me mea te reira e tēnei wā e mahi kaihoahoa kāinga i runga i tata te taua mahi, engari i roto i te pā ana ki to tatou "Granite". I tua atu, kei raro i te ara mahi i roto i te rohe o te whakaiti i te hihiani missiles hainatanga me fakafepaki'i ārai.

Hoki tenei whakaaro, kua whakaritea reira ki te whakamahi i te pūnaha rorohiko atu kaha ki te mahi tahi me ona whakaaro haruru pehanga. Ki te ka mahi i tenei katoa i roto i te matatini, me te ka kia nui haere te tere, te "Tomahawk" taea tōtika tika i roto i maha pūnaha rangi korero Echelon.

faingamālie makehe KR production American hou ko te taea o ratou te whakamahi rite te UAV: Ka taea e te tākirirangi rere e pā ana ki te whakaaro e tūmanakohia ana o kahore iti iho i te 3.5 haora, i nei te wa whakawhiti reira nga raraunga katoa ki te pokapū mana.

tono whawhai

i whānui hoki te wa tuatahi i whakamahia nga missiles hou i roto i te kiki "Operation Koraha Storm", i tīmataria i te tau 1991, a ka whakahaua ki te kāwanatanga o Iraq. I mua, me kaipuke o te kaipuke-wai i runga whakarewahia Ameliká 288 "Tomahawk". Kei te whakapono te reira e kua tutuki i te iti rawa 85% o ratou te whāinga kī. I roto i pakanga patu maha, e pā ana i te Hononga o Amerika i 1991 ki te wa nei kua pau ratou i te iti rawa 2,000 missiles ipu o ngā akatuke'anga. Heoi, i te wa ano i whakamahia anake kaha kore-karihi.