Tohu tūao. pūnaha tohu tūao

I roto i te āhuatanga mākete o tenei ra, kua tae te hononga i waenganui i ngā, me kiritaki he taumata hou. nui nui o ngā hua rerekē ai te kaihoko ki te whakaaro me te āta paunatia mea katoa i roto i te tikanga ki te whiriwhiri i te hua kounga. I roto i te take i taua, te haamauraa o te rite hua tuatoru-rōpū motuhake kī whakaritenga. E whakarato ana tohu whakahauanga me tūao.

He aha te mea tohu?

Tenei tukanga Ko taunakitanga o rite o te hanga tikanga me ngā paerewa whakapumautia e te ture. whakamana ana tēnei haki e anake e te whakahaere motuhake Kaituku e manatü kāwanatanga me ngā pokapū.

Ko te whāinga matua o te tohu:

• te haamauraa o te taumata kounga o te mahi hua, kī e te kaihoko kaiwhakanao ranei;
• tiaki kiritaki i taurite o te kaiwhakanao;
• hauora haumaru hua mana, me te ora o te kaihoko, me te te taiao;
• te whakapai ake i te whakataetae o te hua;
• whakatairanga kaweake me te hokohoko i roto i te hokohoko o te ao.

ka hei Tiwhikete o te hua i roto i te tuhituhi i roto i te tuhinga i huaina he tiwhikete o te rite.

momo o te tohu

E ai ki te ture, i reira te mea he tūao, me te tohu whakahauanga. Kei te te kimi tirohanga whakahauanga taunakitanga o tautuku ki ngā whakaritenga ture o nga taonga. Tenei ahua o te whakamātau he kotahi ara ki te whakahaere i te haumaru tūmatanui, me te kounga o ngā hua. Ki te mea kua kua whakamatauria te hokohoko, nei hoki e ngawari ki te motuhake tohu o tohu rite. Ko te tohu kei te tono ki te tākai, ipu, me te tuhinga hua ◊oku ◊oatu fakataha. Ture whakapumautia whānuitanga o ngā hua e riro nei ki raro ki te ako whakahauanga.

kawea tohu tūao i roto anake i te tono o te tangata, rōpū rānei i runga i te kaupapa kirimana i waenganui i te kaitono me te whakahaere mana. Ko te ahanoa o tenei tohu ko te hua sino, me te whäwhä e kore e e raro ki te whakamātautau whakahauanga.

kawea tohu Tūao o ngā hua i roto i ki te whakaū i ngā hanganga ture ki te paerewa hua, ngā whakaritenga ture, whakaritenga, tohutao, tautuhia e te kaitono. I raro i te ture, te kaitono i roto i tenei take kia he kaiwhakanao, kaihoko, a tae noa taonga kiritaki.

Fele, noho te kamupene i runga i tohu noa i roto i te tikanga ki te whakatairanga i te hua hou ki te mākete, ake i tona whakataetae, rite kiritaki pai hua tohu. Ie tohu tūao - i te ara o kitea te hua i runga i te mākete kukū ki rite ētahi atu hua kounga.

pūnaha tohu tūao

Kei te conventionally wehea katoa pūnaha whakamātautau noa ngā ki te rōpū matua e whai ake nei:

1. Taki hua.
2. Tātaritanga o mahi.
3. Ko te ako o te kounga o ngā ratonga.
4. Taki i te kounga o ngā pūnaha production.
5. Kaimahi tohu.

Na kua whakarōpūtia pūnaha tohu rite ki te maha o ngā ahanoa rēhita. Na, kua wehea ratou ki:

• pūnaha monoobektnye - i roto ratou whakaatu i te taonga o te momo kotahi (tenei rōpū ngā nuinga o te hua rēhita);
• pūnaha poliobektnye - e tohu ratou e rua, neke atu rānei ngā momo o ngā.

Tuhinga mō te tohu tūao

kawea tohu tūao te i muri i ako i te tuhinga e tika ana. Na, mo te tirohanga me te tuku i te kaitono te pepa e whai ake nei:

1. He tiwhikete haapapû ki te mana o whare riihi ranei.
2. Sheets Raraunga, e kia kia hoatu ona ngā.
3. Putumōhio Hua.
4. SES whakaaetanga i runga i te hanga.
5. Ko te rārangi me te kaute e whakamahia ana i roto i te taputapu hanga, whakaurunga mahere.
6. rārangi Production o taonga ki te kia tohu.
7. hua whakamātautau.

Ki te tika, te tinana tohu kia tono tuhinga atu. Hei tauira, rēhita TU. I roto i ētahi wā, kia rerekē te rārangi o ngā tuhinga.

kaupapa tohu

I raro i te kaupapa tohu titau te akoranga etahi o te mahi e tika ana mō te aromatawai rite. Kei te haere tahi tonu Examination i te utu. Na reira, ko te paearu matua mo te pai rawa o te kaupapa tohu - te whakarato mōrahi o te taunakitanga tautukunga ki te utu iti.

I roto i Russia, i reira e pā ana ki 16 kaupapa tohu. I te wa o te tāpaetanga o te tono e opua nei i te kaitono te kaupapa nei, i tona ngarahu pai, te tika tino mo te tirohanga. Ko hanga te whiriwhiri whakamutunga e te tinana tohu.

Ko te tukanga mō te whakahaere i te whakamātautau noa

kawea tohu noa i roto i roto i te tauira motuhake, e ngā o te wāhanga e whai ake nei:

1. Hoatu ki te whakahaere o te tohu. Ko te kaitono e te tika ki te he kaipakihi, he hinonga kāinga ke ranei, me pera i runga i. D.
2. Whakaaro o te mana o nga tuhinga i tukuna, me te tirohanga tuatahi o ngā hua.
3. Making te whakatau, te mutunga o te kirimana, me te kōwhiringa o te kaupapa tohu.
4. Haaputuraa o ngā rōpū hua ōrite ki te tīpako i tētahi māngai angamaheni. Whakarōpū o ngā hua e wahi i roto i runga i te ture ture systematize hua me koloa nomenclature.
5. Te tīpako i te taiwhanga whakamātautau Kaituku e mana tūmatanui.
6. Ko te tāututanga o ia momo o te hua te aroaro te rōpū ōrite.
7. Whakatau, me te tīpako, i tukuna he tiwhikete haina e te tinana tohu me te kaitono.
8. Rangahau. I roto i te whakamātautau taiwhanga i kawea i roto i te whakamahi i nga tauira hua, nga tikanga ture. Ahakoa, ki te kore e whakatau i tetahi taupū nga whakaritenga, kihai whakaaro te tauira te ki kua haere te whakamātautau. Ko nga hua o te rangahau i roto i te kawa, e tataki te taiwhanga ki te tinana tohu.
9. Analysis o nga hua o ngā hua tohu me te whakatamarikitanga o te whakatau ki te whakaputa i te tiwhikete. Ki te mea kua tangohia te whakahaere tohu he whakatau kino, e tango te kaitono whakautu korerorero.
10. I roto i te take o te hua pai, ka puta te whakahaere he tiwhikete, me te raihana ki te whakamahi i te tohu o te fai.
11. Tāpiri production i roto i te rēhita kāwanatanga.

Issuance o te tiwhikete, me te tono o te tohu

Ko te tata ōrite ki te whakahauanga pūnaha tohu tūao, no te mea e hiahiatia ana te tirohanga e no te faaineine i te taua tuhinga. paerewa me katoa ngā, i runga i te pūtake o te arotake, ko te turanga kotahi. Anake te rerekētanga i waenganui i tohu tūao, me te whakahauanga, te ahua o te tiwhikete. Na, mo te momo tuhinga whakahauanga, te whakamahi i te puka o te tae kōwhai, me te tiwhikete mō te whakamātautau noa - puru.

I raro i te ture, me tohu i te tiwhikete te ingoa o te hua, te ratonga rānei e me te ingoa o te kaiwhiwhi. Me hoki kia tohua ki GOST TU, ranei mo te hanganga ture ki te hua i arotakea.

Ko tētahi atu rerekētanga nui ko te tohu tohu. Hei tauira, tohu tohu tūao ko te tuhituhinga motuhake «tohu tūao". Ko te taua tohu, ka taea e te kamupene-kiritaki whakamahi i tākai hua. ai nga wa katoa Waitohu o te tohu noa i runga i te hua whakawhirinaki kiritaki, hua i roto i te pānga pai i runga i te hoko.

Ko te tiwhikete

kua he iti mana te tiwhikete. ka tango i te tinana tohu he whakatau i runga i te mana o te tuhinga, tango ki pūkete te āhua o te whakaputa me te taiwhanga hua. E kore e taea te reira nui e toru nga tau i te wā o te whakatau parukore-tahumaero ranei.

Ko te utanga tiwhikete o taonga hipoki e te wā o tona whakatinanatanga, engari e kore e neke atu i te kotahi tau.

Ko te kupu, faaite tohu noa tautukunga ki ngā tawhā kounga hua whakaturia e te mana kāwanatanga teitei, ka ko ha konga o te ahumahi hou.