Whakarerekētanga o plastids - he āhuatanga noa i roto i te ao o ngā tipu. Plastids: hanganga, mahi

Ko tētahi o nga rerekētanga matua i waenganui i te tipu me te kararehe ngā pūtau kei te aroaro i roto i te organelles tuatahi cytoplasm pērā i plastids. Hanganga, ngā ka ratou tukanga pūkoro tinana, me te chromoplasts uara chloroplasts me leucoplasts kia kōrero i roto i tenei tuhinga.

Ko te hanganga o te pūkano tipumata

hanganga plastid matomato tatou e hi'opoa i teie nei pā ki organelles whakahauanga o ngā pūtau o teitei spore me te purapura otaota. Ko ratou organelles pūtau dvuhmembrannymi me he porotītaha i roto i te āhua. Ratou tokomaha i roto i te cytoplasm ai kia rerekē. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā pūtau hanga tīwae rau tupeka pereti parenchyma ake ki nga mano o chloroplasts i te kakau o te totokore whānau te tipu i te 30 ki te 50.

kiriuhi rua he wahi o te organelle, whai hanganga rerekē: te waho - maeneene, e toru-apa, rite ki te membrane o te nuinga o ngā pūtau tipu. Kei ā-he plurality o taiepa, ka karanga lamellae. Ēnei takai flat pātata - thylakoids. Ko te lamellae hanga te whatunga o tubules whakarara. I waenganui i te lamellae he thylakoids-pūtau. E kohia ana ratou i roto i nga rarangi - mata e taea te hono i. Ratou tau kotahi pūkano tipumata - 60-150. ki tonu te kōhao roto katoa te ki te kopu o te pūkano tipumata.

He tohu o te mana motuhake organelle: ona ake rauemi ira - DNA porohita, i nei e taea chloroplasts tini. Hoki i reira ko te membrane waho kuiti e tarapekepeke te organelle i te tukanga e puta ana i roto i te cytoplasm. Chloroplasts i to ratou ake ribosomes me ngā rāpoi ngota RNA me te tRNA, a ko te kupu, ki te kaha synthesize pūmua.

mahi thylakoids

Ka rite ki whakahuatia mua, nga plastids o te tipu ngā pūtau - chloroplasts, i roto i roto i to ratou hanganga sacs motuhake papatahi huaina thylakoids. kitea ratou uhi - chlorophylls (whai wāhi i roto i te ahotakakame) me carotenoids (whakahaere tautoko me te mahi arataukai). He hoki te pūnaha whākōkī, whakarato te tauhohenga te marama, me te wā pouri o te ahotakakame. Thylakoids mahi rite Antennas: arotahi ratou hihi marama, ka whakatika ratou ki te rāpoi ngota chlorophyll.

Ahotakakame - te tukanga matua o chloroplasts

E taea e ki te synthesize matū organic, i roto i ngā kūhuka, te whakamahi i te hauhā me te pūngao marama pūtau Autotrophic. Green mahi plastid e e ako tatou, he he wāhi o te phototrophic - kaiao multicellular, pēnei i:

• teitei tipu spore (talingelingá, horsetails, talingelingá karapu, kaponga);
• uri (gymnosperms - gingovye, conifers, efedrovye me angiosperms ranei tipu whaipua).

Ahotakakame - he pūnaha o ngā tauhohenga piti hāora-whakaiti, e hāngai ana ki te tukanga whakawhiti irahiko i matū kaituku ki mea pena; "kite" ratou, pera-ka karanga acceptors.

Ēnei tauhohe arahi ki te kōtuitui o ngā matū waro, i roto i ngā kūhuka, me te wehenga o te hāora rāpoi. Ko te wāhanga marama o te ahotakakame puta i runga i kiriuhi thylakoid raro i te mahi o te pūngao marama. Ko te pūaho whenumi whakaongaonga i irahiko ngota konupora marama i roto i roto i te ngarahu matomato - chlorophyll.

Kei te whakamahia te pūngao irahiko ki matū ariā mana-kai ATP me NADP-H2. I wahia e ratou te pūtau ki te tauhohenga wāhanga pouri puta i roto i te kopu o te pūkano tipumata. He fakakātoa 'o enei tauhohe waihanga arata'i ki te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota o te kūhuka, waikawa amino, nonireka me waikawa ngakongako, e mahi rite ngā pūtau hanga me te rauemi arataukai.

momo o plastids

Green hanganga plastid me mahi o nei arotakehia matou mua, kei roto i te rau, kakau, a kahore he matomato anake te ahua. Hei tauira, i roto i te kiri o te hua, i roto i nga puawai o tupu otaota i roto i te rakau o waho o te kaitiaki raro - kōpura me topuku, i reira e te tahi atu plastids. E huaina ratou chromoplasts leucoplasts ranei.

organelles taekore (leucoplasts) whai āhua rerekē, me te rerekē i chloroplasts kua e ratou kōhao roto kahore he unahi, - lamella, me te maha o thylakoids tāmau i roto i te kopu iti. Matrix ano Kei te waikawa deoxyribonucleic, nga organelles pūmua-synthesizing - ribosomes me whākōkī proteolytic e wahia iho pūmua me te warowaihā.

Leucoplasts he whākōkī hoki - synthetase whai wāhi i roto i te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota kūhuka i o māngaro. plastids Nā tēnei taekore o te tipu ngā pūtau piki matūkai whakakapinga: pire pūmua, me te witi māngaro. Ko ēnei plastids taea kia puta nga mahi o te haaputuputuraa o ngā matū waro ki chromoplasts, hei tauira i roto i te maoa o tōmato, i te wā o te taiohitanga lactic.

I raro i te karu whakarahi matawai he taumira teitei, mārama ngā rerekētanga kitea i roto i te hanganga o ngā momo katoa e toru o plastids. Tenei matua mo nga chloroplasts ki te hanganga tino matatini e pā ana ki te mahi o te ahotakakame.

tae plastids - Chromoplasts

Āpiti atu ki matomato, me te te huitahi i roto i te tipu ngā pūtau i reira he he organelles Tiro tuatoru i huaina chromoplasts. E ratou he momo o ngā tae: kōwhai, papura, whero. He rite ki leucoplasts ratou hanganga: he maha iti o te lamellae me te maha iti o thylakoids te membrane roto kua. Kei roto Chromoplasts ngā uhi: xanthophylls, Carotenes, carotenoids, matū photosynthetic pŭpŭ tauturu. Ko enei plastids whakarato tae o pakiaka pīti, kāreti, hua, rakau hua, me hua.

Ka rite ki reira me plastids tahitia puta

Leucoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplasts - te plastids (hanganga me te mahi o nei tatou ako), he takenga noa. E ahu mai ratou i ēhara te (mātauranga) kiko, o nei e hanga e protoplastidy - dvuhmembrannye organelles sacciform o runga ki te 1 micron. I roto i te marama, haafifi ratou tona hanganga: i hanga te membrane roto kei te kei roto lamellae, a kua synthesized e te chlorophyll ngarahu matomato. Protoplastidy hoko chloroplasts. Ka taea te tahuri Leucoplasts ano i raro i te mahi o te pūngao marama ki plastids matomato, a ka i roto i chromoplasts. Whakarerekētanga o te plastid - ko te āhuatanga whānui i roto i te ao o ngā tipu.

Chromatophores rite nga matua o chloroplasts

kaiao phototrophic Prokaryotic - huakita matomato, me te papura, whakamana tukanga photosynthetic te whakamahi i te bacteriochlorophyll e whakaritea i runga i te roto outgrowths membrane cytoplasmic nei rāpoi ngota. Microbiologists whakapono chromatophores o huakita matua plastids.

whakapumautia tenei e ratou rite ki chloroplasts hanganga, ara te aroaro o nga pokapū tauhohenga me ngā pūnaha svetoulavlivayuschih me whānui hua te ahotakakame, ārahi ki te hanganga o ngā pūhui matū waro. Me kï reira e nga otaota o raro - pükohu matomato, me te prokaryotes, whai plastids. Ko e tika ana ki te meka i te mātauranga hlorofillosoderzhaschie tenei - ka mau chromatophores mo ratou mahi - ahotakakame.

Kia pehea te i nga chloroplasts

I roto i nga whakapae maha o te take mai o te plastid arotahi ki runga i symbiogenesis. E ai ki ana whakaaro, plastids - pūtau (chloroplasts) e whakatika i roto i era Archean tika ki kătahi o te pūtau tuatahi huakita phototrophic heterotrophic. Ratou muri arahina ki te hanganga o plastids matomato.

I roto i tenei pepa ako tatou i te hanganga me te mahi o organelles tipu pūtau dvuhmembrannyh: leucoplasts, chloroplasts me chromoplasts. A kitea i roto i to ratou uara i roto i te mahi pūtau.