Whākōkī matūora. Hanganga, āhuatanga me te mahi

Ko te pūtau o nga kaiao ora, milioni o te tauhohe matū tango wahi. He nui ia o ratou, pera he mea nui ki te mau tonu te tere o ngā tukanga koiora i te taumata tiketike. Tata catalyzed katoa tauhohenga e tona whākōkī. He aha e whākōkī? He aha te mea ratou tūranga i roto i te whare herehere?

Whākōkī. whakamāramatanga

Ko te wā "paru" I ahu mai te i Latin fermentum - rewena. kia hoki kia huaina ratou whākōkī i te Kariki en zyme - "i roto i te amuamu rohe."

Whākōkī - matū kaha biologically, na tetahi tauhohenga e puta ana i roto i te pūtau, e kore e taea te mahi i waho ratou. Enei pūhui hei kaiwhakakökï. Fakatatau ki ai, E rua ngā āhuatanga matua tetahi whākōkī:

1) whakatere whākōkī te tauhohenga matüora, engari e kore e te pau ai.

2) E kore e te uara o te taimau taurite huri, engari whakatere anake te paetae o tenei uara.

tere whākōkī ake tauhohe matüora i nga mano, a i roto i ētahi wā, he miriona nga wa. tikanga o tēnei e i roto i te ngaro o te pūnaha paru kua tata mutu tukanga intracellular katoa, me te pūtau ano mate. Na reira, ko te tūranga o whākōkī rite kai kaha he tiketike.

He momo o whākōkī hanga taea reira ki etahi whakahaere i pākia pūtau. I roto i tetahi Niniiraa o tauhohe tango wahi maha akomanga rerekē o whākōkī. kaiwhakakökï koiora i te selectivity nui i roto i te conformation motuhake o te rāpoi ngota. T. Ki. I roto i te nuinga o te wā whākōkī he pūmua i roto i te natura, e ratou i roto i te hanganga tuatoru quaternary ranei. Ko ano te take te pū o te rāpoi ngota.

Ko te mahi o whākōkī i roto i te pūtau

Ko te mahi matua o te paru - whakatere hāngai tauhohenga. Tetahi tukanga Niniiraa, mai whāwehe o te hauwai me te whakamutu glycolysis, titau te aroaro o te whakakōkī koiora.

mahi tika o whākōkī tutuki pū tiketike ki te tïpako motuhake. tikanga o tēnei e taea te whakakōkī whakatere anake etahi tauhohenga me kahore ake, ara tino rite. Na roto i te tohu o te pū o te pūmua whākōkī, te whai ake ngā rōpū:

1) whākōkī ki pū tino ka catalyzed e tetahi anake tauhohenga kotahi. Hei tauira, ngā hautaka collagenase te collagen, a maltase piri maltose.

2) whākōkī ki pū whanaunga. Tenei ngā matū e taea catalyze he tetahi piha o tauhohe, hei tauira, wāhinga hydrolytic.

tīmata te mahi biocatalyst ki te hononga o tona pae kaha ki te tïpako. I te wa ano kōrero e pā ana ki te pāhekoheko fepoupou'aki rite ki te raka, me te kī. Tenei e pā ana ki te kēmu tonu ki te tïpako hanga te pokapū kaha, e hanga ana e ia taea ki te whakatere i te tauhohenga.

Kei roto i te taahiraa i muri mai i roto i te akoranga o te tauhohenga. Ko tōna piki tere i te mahi o te matatini whākōkī. I roto i te mutunga, te tiki matou te paru, e pā nei te ki nga hua tauhohenga.

atamira Whakamutunga - ki te tango i nga hua tauhohe i te pūmua whākōkī, i muri i nei kotahi ano riro te pae kaha noa mo tetahi atu mahi.

Schematically, e taea te tuhituhi te mahi o te pūmua whākōkī i ia wāhanga rite:

1) S + E -> SE

2) SE -> SP

3) SP -> S + P, te wahi S - ko te tïpako, E - te whākōkī, me P - hua.

whakarōpū o whākōkī

I roto i te tinana tangata, ka taea e kitea e koe i te maha nui o whākōkī. mōhiotanga katoa e pā ana ki o ratou mahi, me te mahi i systematized, me rite ki te hua i reira ko he whakarōpū noa, i roto i nei e taea ngāwari e koe te whakatau he aha te mea he whakakōkī ngā. Tenei e ono ngā akomanga taketake o whākōkī, me rite ki te tahi mau hi'oraa o subgroups.

1. Oxidoreductase.

Whākōkī o tenei piha catalyze tauhohe pitihāoratanga. ora ake Tapeke 17 iti-rōpū. Oxidoreductases e te nuinga o te pūmua-kore wahi whakaratohia huaora heme ranei.

I roto i te oxidoreductases maha e kitea nga subgroups e whai ake nei:

he) Dehydrogenase. Kei te piri whākōkī Biochemistry-dehydrogenase ngota hauwai me te whakawhiti i te reira ki tetahi atu tïpako. Ko te nuinga noa i roto i te tauhohe o te respiration, ahotakakame tenei Huingaiti. Hei wāhanga o te dehydrogenase he tika hakari i te puka o te coenzyme nad / NADH flavoproteins ranei FAD / FMN. E mea pinepine i reira he katote konganuku. Ko ētahi tauira ko whākōkī pērā i tsitohromreduktazy, dehydrogenase pyruvate, dehydrogenase isocitrate, a hoki maha whākōkī ate (lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, a na i runga i. D.).

b) oxidases. He maha o whākōkī catalyze te tua o te hāora ki te hauwai, ai taea e nga hua tauhohe hei wai hauwai ranei (H ₂ 0, H ₂ 0 _2). Tauira o te whākōkī cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase.

c) peroxidase me catalase - whākōkī e catalyze te whāwehe H ₂ E te ₂ ki te wai, me te hāora.

g) oxygenase. Ēnei biocatalysts whakatere hāora tāpiritanga ki te tïpako. Dofamingidroksilaza - tetahi o nga tauira o taua whākōkī.

2. Transferases.

whākōkī ūnga o tenei rōpū ko whakawhiti o Radicals i te taonga o te taonga kaituku ki te kaiwhiwhi.

he) methyltransferase. methyltransferase DNA - whākōkī matua e whakahaere te tukanga o te pītauira. nucleotides Methylation whai wāhi nui ana i roto i te ture o te mahi waikawa karihi.

b) acyltransferase. E kawea whākōkī o tenei Huingaiti i tetahi muingota ki tetahi rōpū acyl. Tauira acyltransferases: lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (te maua e rōpū mahi ki te waikawa ngako ki runga ki te cholesterol), lizofosfatidilholinatsiltransferaza (whakawhiti rōpū acyl te ki lysophosphatidylcholine).

c) aminotransferases - whākōkī e whai wāhi i roto i te faafariuraa o ngā waikawa amino. Tauira o te whākōkī aminotransferase alanine e catalyzes te kōtuitui o alanine i pyruvate me glutamate mā te whakawhiti i tētahi rōpū amino.

g) phosphotransferase. Whākōkī catalyze te tua o tenei iti-rōpū o te rōpū Phosphate. Ko tētahi atu kinase ingoa phosphotransferase, ko atu noa. Ko ētahi tauira ko whākōkī pērā i hexokinase me aspartate, e kua piri ki nga toenga hexose Phosphate (te nuinga te kūhuka), me te waikawa aspartic , aua.

3. Hydrolases - he piha o whākōkī e catalyze te wāhinga o here i roto i te rāpoi ngota, aru i te tua o te wai. Matū e no ki tenei rōpū - te paru kūnatu matua.

he) esterases - whati i te here hākawa. Tauira - lipases e wahia iho ngako.

b) glycosidases. whākōkī Biochemistry o tenei raupapa takoto i roto i te whakangaromanga o nga here glycoside o waerau (oligosaccharides me polysaccharides). Tauira: amylase, sucrase, maltase.

c) peptidase - whākōkī e catalyze te rärangi o te pūmua ki amino waikawa. whākōkī e pā ana-peptidase pērā i pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, karboiksipeptidaza.

g) Amidases - here piri amide. Tauira: .. Arginase, urease, glutaminase etc. tokomaha amidase whākōkī e kitea i roto i te huringa ornithine.

4. Lyases - whākōkī mō ngā mahi rite ki hydrolases, Heoi i roto i te wāhinga o here i roto i te rāpoi ngota e kore pau te wai. Whākōkī o tenei piha haapiiraa i nga wa katoa te wahi o te wahi pūmua-kore, hei tauira, i roto i te puka o huaora B1 me B6.

he) decarboxylase. mahi ēnei whākōkī i runga i te here C-C. Tauira he decarboxylase waikawa glutamic decarboxylase pyruvate ranei.

b) hydratase me dehydratase - whākōkī e catalyze te wāhinga o C-e here.

c) Ko te amidine-lyases - whakangaro here C-N. Tauira: argininsuktsinatliaza.

g) R-e lyase. Kei te nuinga o taua whākōkī piri te rōpū Phosphate i te rauemi tïpako. TAUIRA: cyclase adenylyl.

Biochemistry o whākōkī e hāngai ana i runga i to ratou hanganga

whakaritea te kaha o ia whākōkī e te takitahi, anake tona hanganga tūturu. Tetahi whākōkī - he matua pūmua, me tona hanganga, me te tohu o te kotuituitanga tākaro he wāhi tino hira i roto i te whakatau i tona mahi.

āhuatanga ia biocatalyst e te aroaro o te pokapū kaha, i roto i te tahuri, e wehea nei, ki te maha ngā wāhi mahi motuhake:

1) catalytic Center - he rohe motuhake o te pūmua, i roto i nei te pipiki whākōkī ki te tïpako. Tei runga i te conformation o te pūmua pokapū catalytic rāpoi ngota e taea te tango i te momo o ngā puka, e kia hāngai ki te tïpako me te he raka me te kī. whakamārama he hanganga matatini taua he aha te pūmua whākōkī kei roto i te āhua wānanga quaternary ranei.

2) Adsorption Center - tavini rite te "tei mau". Here, te tuatahi o te kōrero katoa e wahi i waenganui i te rāpoi ngota whākōkī me te rāpoi ngota tïpako. Heoi, ko te hononga e hanga te pokapū adsorption, rawa ngoikore, me te kupu he reversible i tenei wā te tauhohenga catalytic.

3) Kia Kei pokapū Allosteric i roto i te pokapū hohe, me puta noa te mata katoa o te pūmua whākōkī. Ratou mahi - ture o te pūmua whākōkī. Tu'utu'uni e wahi mā ngā rāpoi ngota inhibitors me activators rāpoi ngota.

Ko te pūmua activator here ki te rāpoi ngota paru, whakatere tona mahi. Inhibitors, i runga i te anga ke, tautāwhi i mahi catalytic, a taea puta tenei i roto i ara e rua: rānei herea te rāpoi ngota ki te rohe pokapū allosteric o te pokapū kaha o te paru (inhibition whakataetae) ranei kua piri te reira ki tetahi atu rohe o te pūmua (inhibition noncompetitive). whakaaro inhibition whakataetae te whai hua atu. I muri i te wāhi ko te kupu kati mō te tïpako here ki te paru, ka he taea anake tenei tukanga i roto i te take o ngā oti tāpiritanga o te rāpoi ngota inhibitor me te hanga i te pokapū hohe.

Whākōkī e kore e maha ngā o waikawa amino, engari ano hoki o te tahi atu matū waro, me te inorganic. Fakatatau ki ai, apoenzyme taratahi - proteinaceous coenzyme wahi - moiety organic me cofactor - wāhanga pararopi. kia māngai ai Coenzyme ulgevodami, te ngako, waikawa karihi, huaora. I roto i tahuri, i te tahi-tauwehe - he maha he katote konganuku tautoko. takoto mahi paru e tona hanganga: ngā matū atu i roto i te hanganga, e whakarereketia āhuatanga catalytic. Various momo o whākōkī - ko te hua o te huinga o katoa hanga enei āhuatanga he matatini.

Ture o te mahi o whākōkī

Whākōkī rite te taonga kaha biologically kore he e tika ana mo te tinana tonu. Biochemistry o whākōkī kei e kia ratou i roto i te take o te kino catalysis nui pūtau ora. Kia kore ai ngā pānga kino i runga i te tinana whākōkī tika ki te hopoia whakahaere ratou mahi.

He T. Ki. whākōkī pūmua i roto i te natura, e ngā whakangaromia ratou i pāmahana tiketike. Ko reversible tukanga denaturation, engari kia tino pā ai te taonga.

pH hoki whai wāhi nui i roto i te ture. Kei te te tikanga kitea mahi paru mōrahi i pH kūpapa (7,0-7,2). He whākōkī e mahi anake i raro i ngā āhuatanga waikawa ranei anake i roto i te kawakore hoki. Ko te kupu, i roto i te lysosomes pūtau tonu pH iti, i nei te mahi maximal o whākōkī hydrolytic. I roto i te kaupapa o te whakapā kōpeka ki te cytoplasm, kei hea he ofi ki kūpapa te taiao, ka iti ratou mahi. hāngai ana taua tiaki i "samopoedaniya" kei runga i te āhuatanga o te hydrolase.

Ko reira utu te whakahua e pā ana ki te faufaa o te coenzyme me cofactor i roto i te hanganga o whākōkī. Ko te aroaro o huaora katote whakarewa ranei tino pā te mahi o etahi whākōkī motuhake.

Nomenclature o whākōkī

Kua karangatia e whākōkī katoa o te tinana kia rite ki to ratou no ki tetahi o nga akomanga, me te te tïpako ki nei huru ratou. I te tahi taime te nomenclature pūnahanaha whakamahia kore tetahi engari e rua o te tïpako i roto i te taitara.

Tauira o ngā ingoa o te tahi mau whākōkī:

1. whākōkī ate: lactate degidrogen aza-glutamate-aza-degidrogen.
2. ingoa tonu pūnahanaha o te paru: lactate + -oksidoredukt nad-aza.

Tiaki me te faufaa ore ingoa, e kore e nei piri ki nga ture o te nomenclature. Tauira he whākōkī kūnatu: trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin.

Ko te tukanga o te kōtuitui o whākōkī

kua oti te whakarite nga mahi o whākōkī noa i te taumata ira. Mai te rāpoi ngota he i a nui -. Pūmua, a ko rite te taua rite nga tukanga o te tauwhaituhi me te translation ona kōtuitanga.

whākōkī Synthesis puta e whai ake. I te tīmatanga, lau DNA mōhiohio e pā ana ki te paru e hiahiatia ana ki te hanga i mRNA. Messenger RNA encodes waikawa amino katoa e he wahi o te pūmua whākōkī. kia hoki Ture o whākōkī puta i te taumata DNA, ki te te hua o te tauhohenga catalyzed nui tūnga ira tuhinga me i te anga ke, ki te mea i reira te mea he hiahia i roto i te hua, whakahohetia reira te tukanga patohanga.

Kia tukua te mRNA i roto i te cytoplasm, te wā i muri mai - pāpāho. I ribosomes kiriuwhi synthesized mekameka tuatahi arā, o waikawa amino hono e here peptide. Heoi, e kore e taea te muingota o te pūmua i roto i te hanganga tuatahi ano te mahi tona mahi enzymatic.

Ko ti'aturi i runga i ngā hanganga pūmua te mahi paru. EPS Same pūmua e tupu kopikopiko tonu, reira hanga hanganga tuarua, me te ka wānanga tuatahi. mutu te kōtuitui o te tahi mau whākōkī kei i tenei wā, engari ki te whakarei ake mahi whakakōkī ko maha tāpiritanga e tika ana, me te cofactor coenzyme.

I roto i etahi wāhi o te pūnaha kiriuwhi mai piri wāhanga organic o te paru: huka, waikawa karihi, ngako me huaora. e kore e taea e ētahi whākōkī mahi i waho te aroaro o te coenzyme.

Cofactor whai wāhi tino hira i roto i te hanganga o te hanganga quaternary o te pūmua. E wātea ana ētahi o nga mahi o whākōkī anake, no te te whakahaere rohe pūmua. Na reira he mea tino nui mo ratou hanganga aroaro quaternary i roto i nei i te hononga tūhono i waenganui i globules pūmua maha ko te katote konganuku.

momo maha o whākōkī

He āhuatanga i te mea e tika ana te aroaro o te maha whākōkī e catalyze te tauhohe taua, engari rerekē i ia atu i roto i te tahi mau tuhaa. Hei tauira, ka taea e te paru te mahi i te 20 nga nekehanga, engari i 0 nga nekehanga, e kore e taea ki te mahi i ona mahi ia. Aha ki te mahi i roto i te āhuatanga i taua, ko te tinana ora i te pāmahana iti?

Kei te ngāwari tenei raruraru faatiti'aifarohia e te aroaro o te maha whākōkī e catalyze te tauhohe taua, engari i roto i ngā āhuatanga mahi rerekē. E rua ngā momo o ngā momo maha o whākōkī:

1. Isoenzymes. E whakawaeheretia taua pūmua e ira rerekē, e tito ratou o rerekē waikawa amino, engari catalyze te tauhohenga taua.
2. puka maha pono. E patohia ēnei pūmua i te ira kotahi, engari puta i runga i peptides ribosomes whakarerekētanga. I te putanga hua e rave rahi momo o te pūmua whākōkī kotahi.

Ka rite ki te hua, ngā momo maha o te momo tuatahi i hanga e i te taumata iranga, ka te tuarua - i runga i te pou-paneke.

Te tikanga whākōkī

Ko te whakamahi o whākōkī i roto i te rongoā mai ki raro ki te take o ngā rongoā hou, hei wāhanga o e he kē te matū i roto i te rahinga tika. kihai i Scientists ano kitea he ara ki te whakaongaonga i te ariā o te ngaro whākōkī i te tinana, engari inaianei whānui kua tohaina taero e taea hanga ake mo te roanga o ratou ngoikoretanga.

Various whākōkī i roto i te pūtau ki catalyze maha nui o tauhohe e pā ana ki te tiaki o te ora. Ko tētahi o ēnei māngai e enizmov nucleases rōpū: endonuclease me exonuclease. Ratou mahi ko te ki te mau tonu i te taumata tamau o waikawa karihi i roto i te pūtau, tango o te DNA papaka me RNA.

Kaua e wareware e pā ana ki te āhuatanga o te upoo- toto. Ka rite ki te mehua whai hua o te tiaki, te mana te tukanga e te maha o whākōkī. Tino i roto ia ratou he thrombin, e faafariu pūwētoto pūmua tautauā ki pūtōtepe hohe. hanga Ko tōna miro he ahua o te whatunga e occludes te pae whara oko, reira te ārai mate toto nui.

E whakamahia whākōkī i wäina, te kōpiro, hanga o maha hua miraka. Hoki e taea te whakamahi waipiro i te rewena kūhuka, Heoi, no te takanga angitu o tenei tukanga, me te unu nui o ratou.

meka ngā pā ana ki e kore koutou i mohio

- E te papatipu nui katoa o whākōkī o te tinana - 5,000 ki te 1,000,000 Da. Ko e tika ana ki te aroaro o te pūmua i roto i te rāpoi ngota tenei. No te whakarite, te taimaha rāpoi o te kūhuka - 180 Ae, me te hauhā - te katoa o 44 Ae.

- Ki te rā, ka whakatuwheratia e neke atu i te 2000 whākōkī e kua kitea i roto i te pūtau o ngā kaiao. Heoi, e kore e tonu i matau tino nuinga o enei matū.

- Kei te whakamahia mahi whākōkī mō te whiwhi puehu horoi whai hua. Here, whākōkī te whakatutuki te tūranga taua rite i roto i te tinana: whatiia e ratou iho mea organic, ka āwhina i tenei taonga ki wahi whawhai. E tūtohu ana ki te whakamahi i te hopiwē taua i te pāmahana o te kore ki runga ake i te 50 nga nekehanga, te kore kia haere ai ki te tukanga denaturation.

- E ai ki ngā tatauranga, 20% o te iwi mamae te ao i te kore o tetahi o nga whākōkī.

- Mō te āhuatanga o whākōkī mohiotia hoki te wa roa, engari anake i roto i te 1897, te kitenga o te iwi e kore te rewena, a taea te whakamahi i te wāhanga i ratou pūtau mo te FERMENTATION o te huka ki te waipiro.