Āhuatanga me te hanganga o te warowaihā. warowaihā mahi

Hoki te tinana tangata, me ētahi atu mea ora e hiahia pūngao. Ahiri aita te reira, e kore e taea e kore rere e tukanga. I muri i te katoa, nga tauhohenga matüora, tetahi tukanga enzymatic ranei atamira o te pākia e hiahia puna pūngao.

Na reira, ko te uara o ngā rauemi, te whakarato i te kaha tinana ki te ora, he tino nui, me te nui. He aha te mea te mea? Warowaihā, pūmua, te ngako. Ko te hanganga , ko te o ia o ratou rerekē, no ratou ki tino akomanga rerekē o pūhui matū, engari he rite tetahi o ratou mahi - te whakarato i te tinana ki te pūngao e tika ana mō te ora. A feruri i te rōpū o te matū e whai ake - warowaihā.

whakarōpū o te warowaihā

Te hanganga me te hanganga o te warowaihā mai ratou whakatuwheratanga tautuhia e ratou ingoa. I muri i te katoa, i roto i te tīmatanga o te puna i riro ai e ko te reira i te rōpū taua o pūhui e he hakari i te hanganga o ngā ngota waro herea ia ki rāpoi ngota wai.

He tātaritanga atu tino, me te te kōrero putu i runga i te kanorau o enei matū whakaaetia ki te whakamatau e kore māngai katoa e he wahi anake. Heoi, ko te tonu tenei āhuatanga kotahi o te hunga e whakatau te hanganga o te warowaihā.

whakarōpū Modern o tenei rōpū o pūhui ko e whai ake:

1. Monosaccharides (ribose, huahuka, te kūhuka, me te pera i runga i).
2. Oligosaccharides (BIOS, triose).
3. Polysaccharides (māngaro, cellulose).

Hoki, ka taea te wehea warowaihā katoa ki te rōpū e rua e whai ake nei:

• te whakaora;
• whakaiti-kore.

Ko te hanganga o nga ngā rāpoi ngota o te warowaihā ia rōpū tango i te titiro.

Monosaccharides: āhuatanga

Tenei kāwai ngā nga warowaihā ohie katoa e roto i te hāparo-tahi (aldose) ranei ketone (ketose) rōpū, me te kore neke atu i te 10 ngota waro i roto i te hanganga mekameka. Ki te titiro koe ki te maha o ngota i roto i te mekameka matua, e taea te wehea te monosaccharides ki:

• triose (glyceraldehyde);
• tetroses (erythrulose, erythrose);
• pentose (ribose me deoxyribose);
• hexoses (kūhuka, te huahuka).

e kore e pera nui mo te tinana kia rite ki tabulahia i ētahi atu māngai katoa.

Āhuatanga o te hanganga o ngā rāpoi ngota

I roto i te hanganga e taea te māngai monosaccharides rite te mekameka, a i roto i te puka o te warowaihā huringa. Kia pehea te e tupu tenei? Ko te mea, ko te e te ngota waro pokapū i roto i te pūhui ko te pokapū hangarite huri noa i taea ki te takahuri i te rāpoi ngota i roto i te otinga ko te. Mai hanga poinanaha whatu monosaccharides L- me D-puka. I roto i tenei te kūhuka i tātai tuhia i roto i te puka o te mekameka tika, ka taea e hinengaro taa i te rōpū hāparo-tahi (ranei ketone) ka hurihia ake ki te mea porotaka. Ki te whiwhi te tātai huringa e ōrite ana.

Ko te hanganga matū o te maha o te warowaihā monosaccharides rawa ohie: te maha o ngā ngota waro hanga te mekameka mowhiti ranei, ko ia o e rerekē e whakaritea i tetahi taha o ngā rōpū hydroxyl me ngota hauwai ranei. Ki te katoa o te taua ingoa i runga i tetahi taha o te hanganga, ka te hanga e te D-poinanaha, ki te hoki rerekē Ororongo ia atu - ka L-poinanaha. Ki te tuhituhi e matou te Māngai tātai whānui o te monosaccharides te kūhuka i tino noa i roto i te puka rāpoi, ka whai ai i te puka: C ₆ H ₁₂ e _6. Ano, e whakaata ana te record te hanganga me te huahuka, rawa. I muri i te katoa, i enei monosaccharides rua matū - poinanaha hanganga. Te kūhuka - aldegidospirt, te huahuka - Cetoalcohol.

He tino hononga Hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te maha o te warowaihā monosaccharides. I muri i te katoa, no ratou hoki o te aroaro o te rōpū hāparo-tahi me te ketone i roto i te hanganga o te hanganga ki te hāparo-tahi me te ketonospirtam e whakatau ratou natura matū me te tauhohenga i roto i nei ratou e nehenehe e amui atu.

Ko te kupu, whakaaturia kūhuka te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

1. Ko te tauhohe meinga e te aroaro o ngā rōpū carbonyl:

• Hāpiri - he tauhohenga "whakaata hiriwa";
• ki te puku o Nā waihā, parahi (II) - waikawa aldonic;
• E taea e ki te hanga i diacids (aldarovye), e whakaahua ana kore anake te hāparo-tahi, engari kotahi rōpū hydroxyl hāora kaha;
• Whakaora - kua tahuri ki polyols.

2. Kei roto i te rāpoi ngota ngā rōpū hydroxyl me e whakaata te hanganga. Ko te āhuatanga o te warowaihā, i e awe e whakarōpū i te raraunga:

• kaha ki te alkylation - hanganga o ethers;
• acylation - hanga hākawa ;
• tauhohenga kounga mō te konukura waihā (II).

3. āhuatanga motuhake kotahi o te kūhuka:

• waikawa butyric;
• waipiro;
• FERMENTATION lactic.

Functions i roto i te tinana

Hanganga me te mahi o te maha o te warowaihā monosaccharides e pā ana tata. Past e, runga ake katoa, ki te whai wāhi i roto i tauhohe matüora o kaiao ora. He aha te tūranga takaro i roto i tenei monosaccharides?

1. Pūtake mō te hanga o te oligo-me polysaccharides.
2. Pentose (ribose me deoxyribose) - te rāpoi ngota tino nui wāhi i roto i te hanganga o ATP, RNA, DNA. A ratou, i tahuri, i te kaituku matua o te rauemi tuku, pūngao me te pūmua.
3. Ko te taumata kukū o te kūhuka i roto i te toto - he mehua pono o te kaha osmotic me ona huringa.

Oligosaccharides: hanganga

iti te hanganga o te rōpū te warowaihā te ki he e rua (Diozu) ranei e toru ngā rāpoi ngota (triose) hukatahi i roto i te hanganga. He ko te hunga i roto i nei te hanganga o te 4, 5 atu ranei hanganga (ki runga, ki te 10), engari ko te noa tino he disaccharides. Ko, i roto i te tauhohenga wai o enei pūhui hanehane ki te hanga i te kūhuka i, te huahuka, pentoses, a na i runga i. E pūhui taka ki tenei kāwai? He tauira angamaheni - reira sucrose (kakaho noa huka), reihuka (wāhanga matua o te waiu), maltose, lactulose, isomalt.

Ko te hanganga matū o tenei raupapa o warowaihā he te āhuatanga e whai ake nei:

1. Ko te tātai whānui o te momo rāpoi: C ₁₂ H ₂₂ e te _11.
2. E rua toenga hukatahi ōrite rerekē ranei i roto i te hanganga hukarua, e toaati e te tikanga o te piriti glycoside. I runga i te āhua o te pūhui ka whakawhirinaki i runga i te mana whakaiti o te huka.
3. Whakaiti hukarua. hanganga warowaihā o tenei momo ko te hanganga o te piriti i waenganui i te glycosidic hāparo-tahi me te hydroxyl rōpū hydroxyl o ngā rāpoi ngota rerekē o monosaccharides. Ko ētahi o ēnei maltose, reihuka, a pera atu.
4. Nonreducing - he tauira sucrose angamaheni - ka hanga e te piriti kei waenganui i ngā rōpū hydroxyl anake te hunga kahore hanganga whai wāhitanga hāparo-tahi.

Ko te kupu, e taea te whakarāpopoto i te hanganga warowaihā i roto i te puka o te tātai rāpoi ngota. Ki te tohatoha tika hanganga taipitopito, ka taea tohu te reira te whakamahi i tātai ngä kauwhata Heuorsa Fischer ranei. Tüturu, e rua waetahi huringa (monosaccharides) ranei rerekē rite ranei (i runga i te oligosaccharide) tuatihia e te piriti glycosidic. A, no te hanga kia whakaaro te whakaora i te kaha ki te tika whakaatu hononga.

Tauira o disaccharides rāpoi ngota

Ki te he utu he mahi i roto i te puka o: "Tuhipoka te hanganga o te warowaihā āhuatanga," ka ko pai ki te tuatahi whakapūtā i te mea tonu o monosaccharides ko reira te hukarua. Ko te momo tino noa he:

• sucrose - hangaia i alpha-beta-kūhuka, me te huahuka;
• toenga kūhuka - maltose;
• cellobiose - Kei o rua toenga te kūhuka o beta-D-puka;
• reihuka - galactose + kūhuka;
• lactulose - galactose + huahuka me pera i runga i.

Na, kia mārama i te whakahaunga tātai hanganga o te momo glycoside piriti rite ki nga toenga e wātea ana.

Hiranga mō kaiao ora

Tino nui me te tūranga o te hukarua, he mea nui ki te hanganga e kore anake. He tikanga rite nga mahi o te warowaihā me te ngako. Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te wāhanga pūngao. Otiia, kia tohu te reira i to ratou auraa ngā mo etahi disaccharides takitahi.

1. Sucrose - te puna matua o te kūhuka i roto i te tinana tangata.
2. kitea reihuka e i roto i te waiu o kararehe, tae atu wahine me 8% uma.
3. whiwhi Lactulose te i roto i te taiwhanga ki te kia whakamahia mō ngā take hauora, me te tāpiri ki te hanga o ngā hua miraka.

Tetahi hukarua, trisaccharide me pera i runga i roto i te tangata, me te tahi atu mea te whakamamaetia inamata hydrolyzed ki monosaccharides. Tēnei āhuatanga ko te pūtake o te whakamahi o te tangata i roto i te raw, taui (pīti kakaho huka ranei) tenei piha o te warowaihā.

Polysaccharides: āhuatanga rāpoi

He nui hoki ngā kaiao ora taata, me te mahi a te tangata mahi, hanganga me te hanganga o te maha o te warowaihā. Tuatahi, kia matau koutou he aha te ahua o te warowaihā he polysaccharides.

He maha ratou:

• māngaro;
• glycogen;
• murein;
• glucomannan;
• cellulose;
• dextrin;
• galactomannan;
• muromin;
• pectin;
• amylose;
• chitin.

e kore ko te rārangi ngaio, ko te kararehe, me te tipu momo tino nui anake tenei. Ki te kawe koe i te mahi "Tirohia nga āhuatanga o te hanganga o te maha o te warowaihā polysaccharides", te mea tuatahi kia utu koe whakarongo ki to ratou hanganga mokowā. Ko reira tino whakaemi, te rāpoi ngota nui, arā, o rau o ngā waeine waetahi here matū glycosidic ripeka-hono. E mea pinepine te hanganga rāpoi o polysaccharides o warowaihā ko te hanganga paparanga.

He he he tetahi whakarōpū o taua rāpoi ngota.

1. Gomopolisaharidy - ngā o te wae auau taua o monosaccharides. Tei runga i te hukatahi e taea e hexoses, pentoses, a na i runga i (glucans, mannans, galactans).
2. Heteropolysaccharides - i hanga e te waeine waetahi rerekē.

kia pēnei pūhui ki te hanganga mokowā rārangi, hei tauira, cellulose. hanganga branched he nuinga o polysaccharides - māngaro, glycogen, chitin me pera i runga i.

Tūnga i roto i te tinana o mea ora

Kei te tata hono Hanganga me te mahi o te warowaihā i roto i tenei rōpū ki te ora o taata katoa. Hei tauira, e whakato i roto i te rāhui matūkai whiwhi i roto i ngā wāhanga rerekē o te manga pakiaka ranei te māngaro. Ko te puna matua o te pūngao mō ngā kararehe - haunga polysaccharides, e kua hanga e e wāhinga o te rota o te pūngao.

Warowaihā i roto i te hanganga pūtau tākaro he wāhi rawa nui. tito te reira o te taupoki chitin o maha pepeke me waimāori, murein - wāhanga taiepa pūtau o huakita, penupenu - te tipu pūtake.

Tohungia matū kai mai i te kararehe - he rāpoi ngota o glycogen, ranei kia rite ki te nui ake nuitia huaina ai, te ngako kararehe. rongoatia e ia i roto i nga wahi o te tinana, me te te maua e pūngao e kore anake, engari ano hoki he mahi tiaki ki pānga aunoa.

Hoki te nuinga o kaiao he hanganga tino nui o te warowaihā. Biology o ia kararehe, me te tipu, ko te taua e titau te puna pūngao tamau, pau ore. Na anake e taea te hoatu ki a ratou a reira, me te nuinga o te katoa ko te reira i roto i te puka o polysaccharides. Ko te kupu, ko te nakunaku oti o te 1 go o warowaihā rite ki te hua o ngā tukanga pūkoro arata'i ki te tuku o 4.1 kcal o pūngao! Ko tenei te mōrahi, kore homai tetahi hononga kotahi. Ko te aha kia warowaihā reira i roto i te kai o tetahi tangata kararehe ranei. tango Plants hoki te tiaki o ratou: i roto i te tukanga o te ahotakakame hanga ratou i roto māngaro me te rokiroki i te reira.

āhuatanga General o warowaihā

Ko te hanganga o te ngako, pūmua me te warowaihā i roto i rite whānui. I muri i te katoa, he ratou macromolecules katoa. Ahakoa etahi o ratou mahi i te takenga mai noa. kia whakarāpopoto te reira i te tūranga, me te hiranga o te warowaihā i roto i te ora o te koiora o te ao.

1. Te hanganga me te hanganga o warowaihā whai wāhi te whakamahi o ratou rite te rauemi hanga mo te anga o te tipu ngā pūtau, kararehe me kiriuhi kitakita rite te pai kia rite ki te hanganga o organelles intracellular.
2. Ko te mahi tiaki. whakakitea āhuatanga o te tipu kaiao me te i roto i te hanganga o ratou tarakina, tataramoa, me te pera i runga i.
3. Ko faufaa mātauranga rāpoi nui (DNA, RNA, ATP me ētahi atu) - kirihou tūranga.
4. mahi receptor. Polysaccharides me oligosaccharides - whai wāhi whakawhitinga waka te membrane pūtau, "kaitiaki" hopu pānga.
5. Energy te tūranga tino nui. E whakarato ana te mana mōrahi mō katoa o tukanga intracellular, rite pai rite te mahi o te rauropi katoa.
6. Ko te ture o te kaha osmotic - kūhuka rave taua mana.
7. Ētahi polysaccharides he rāhui kai, te puna pūngao mō mea kararehe.

Ko te kupu, ko reira kitea ai te hanganga o te ngako, pūmua me te warowaihā, ratou mahi, me te tūranga i roto i te tinana o ngā pūnaha ora he faufaa mahu'inga, me te whakatakotoria. Enei rāpoi ngota - nga kaihanga o te ora, e tiaki hoki ratou, ka mau tonu i te reira.

Warowaihā ki ētahi atu pūhui macromolecular

mohiotia hoki ko te tūranga o te warowaihā kore he i roto i tona ahua parakore, a i roto i ngā ki ētahi atu rāpoi ngota. Ko ētahi o ēnei taua te tino noa, pērā i:

• glycosaminoglycans mucopolysaccharides ranei;
• glycoproteins.

Hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te warowaihā he pai uaua o tenei momo te mea o te matatini e hono ki te momo o ngā rōpū mahi. Ko te tūranga matua o tenei momo o ngā rāpoi ngota - whai wāhi i roto i te maha ngā tukanga ora o kaiao. Māngai he: waikawa hyaluronic, chondroitin pūkawa, heparan, pūkawa ngāwha keratan, me ētahi atu.

He hoki polysaccharides complexes ki ētahi atu rāpoi kaha biologically. Hei tauira, lipopolysaccharides glycoproteins ranei. He nui i roto i te hanganga o te tauhohe immunological o te tinana ratou oraraa, rite he wāhanga o ngā pūtau o te pūnaha lymphatic ratou.