Alphonse Bertillon me tona whai ki te whanaketanga o te mātauranga taihara

haere tenei Wīwī ki raro i roto i te hītori rite te criminologist rongonui, hanga he tikanga motuhake, kia rite ki nei kaimahi kino āhukahuka kia puta mā te ine i te wahi takitahi o te tinana tangata, me te matenga. Alphonse Bertillon - rorirori ki te iwi maha - i te uru ki te pūtau whare herehere i reira i whai wāhi ai ia i roto i nga inenga o te tawhā tinana o herehere.

ki a ia whakahiato whakaahua anthropometric hiahiatia ki te hanga 15 ngā inenga. Hei tauira, ki te kitea i roto i te mea ko te roa o te koromatua pinky ranei, whakatau i te diameter o te matenga, te whanui o te rae, a na i runga i. D. meinga tana fidgeting ataata, me ētahi wā faufau ngahau herehere, otiia kahore tetahi i taea e whakaaro he aha e tae i te tangata puaatoro ki te matenga mingimingi me te ngutu nifty - Alphonse Bertillon. Whai wāhi ki te mātauranga taihara e tangata ko mau rawa nui. Ko ia te kaiwhakaū o te tikanga o te tautuhi o ngā raraunga anthropometric, i muri mai i te ingoa hoki ia bertilonazhem.

Alphonse Bertillon: biography, kōrero ora

Wāhi o te criminalist i 1853, April 24, i roto i te pane a French. Tona papa - he rata pai-mohiotia me Kaitatau Lui Adolf Bertillon. Ko ia he mema o te tikanga tangata Society o Paris, me koroua, Achilles Giyar - mathematician whakahonoretia, kaiputaiao tūturu, e i mohiotia i roto i te hapori pūtaiao puta noa Europe. I roto i te kupu, i te tamaiti ira whakamiharo, engari e kore i roto i te kura ranei i te whare wānanga, kihai i whai ia nui angitu, i ara peia i te Imperial Lyceum i Versailles. Katahi te kuao Alphonse Bertillon mō te maha o nga tau e pohehe ana i roto i te whenua French.

pūāhua

Alphonse Bertillon (tona whakaahua ka taea e koe te kite i roto i te tuhinga) i roto i te rerekē ki te whānau rongonui i kahore hehema mo te pūtaiao. ko kiripiro, kāhui, ngutu, distrustful ia - nguengue angamaheni. i whare putunga he pūāhua hākiki, ko te tino tohetohe, waniwani, taea te tutukitanga hoki o te rave tapetepete. Ko reira hoki o tenei i ia ki te huri i ngā kura e toru ngā wā. I roto i te ora pakeke rite reira kotahi i tonoa atu i waho whakamārama i te pēke te wahi kua whakaritea tona papa. Na ka whakaritea e Alphonse Bertillon ki te huri i te āhuatanga, me te mahue France, kaiako Wīwī e noho ana i roto i te utuafare taonga Ingarihi. Ko te hononga, me reira kihai i te tīariari, na a ia kahore whiriwhiri, engari ki te hoki ki to ratou fenua.

Alphonse kihai ano i mohio ki te kōrero ki te wahine, ngā ki te noho te wā ranei. kua tino tangohia te reira i taringa mo te waiata, me te te tirohanga o te ataahua. I tuhia te tangata taitama koroheke-tau 22 ki te Ope Royal. Te āhua, a konei kihai i mea ohie, no te mea o tona natula ngangare.

Rapu mahi

I muri i te tau torutoru, ka mahue te mahi, kei te kaha te titiro Alphonse Bertillon mo te mahi, engari e kore mea pehea tamata, e kore i kitea e ia tetahi mea e tika ana. Haunga, kihai i riro ia mātauranga teitei, ka fakafaingata'a'ia'i tenei te rapu. I roto i te mutunga, faaoti te tangata taitamariki ki te ui kotahi ano hoki te tauturu i tona papa.

I muri i te tahi mau wa, whakahaere Lui Bertilonu ki te whakarite i tana tama ki te Préfecture Pirihimana o Paris ki te pou o te karaka kaiāwhina. Ko te kupu, Bertillon i 1879 i roto i te taiao pirihimana.

mahi

A, no te ko Alphonse te wā tuatahi i roto i te tari o te tautuhi whare whakawā, ko ahau rawa whakama, rite tapearaa a whakaaro tata horihori tona mahi i mua nei ki a ia. Oddly nui, e kore te mea i ngakaukore anake ia i te mahi, engari ki runga ki te anga ke, takoha ki te whakaata i runga i te raruraru o te mātauranga taihara hou. Kaimahi o tona tari ētahi wā kataina whakamātau e hoa ki te huri i te tahi mea, a kihai i taea e ara whakaaro e i mua o ratou te kaiwhakarewa o te tikanga hou - Alphonse Bertillon. Forensics ki tona ringa te marama i taua wa i te rota o te ahunga whakamua.

whakaaro hou

I nga ra, i tuhia kaimahi o tona tari, me te arotake rau o nga mano o kāri ki te whakamārama o te iwi e kua mahia ake te kino. Heoi, whanau a whakaarahia i roto i mathematicians ite Bertillon i tona mahi e te mea he tahi mea, e te mea kahore he systematization, e taea te āwhina i roto i ona mahi. Na, e mahara ana nga tawhā anthropometric, ka anga ia te ine he o etahi wahi o te tinana, a whakapae e raraunga whakakiia i te pātai, i whakatuwheratia nei i runga i te kino.

E matau te haurongo o te tangata, he tata e taea ki te whakapono e ko ia te kaiwhakaū o te wā hou i roto i te mātauranga taihara. I muri i whāngai tona tikanga e whakaarohia ana, a kua riro rongonui i roto i te tuhinga press puta ki nui kupu matua - "poto French o Alphonse Bertillon me tona ariā o te tautuhi o whakatahe o te tika", "Kia ora te tikanga" bertilonazh "- te nui o te āhuatanga o te rau tau 19" .

Ko te tikanga

I te wa ka hanga Bertillon kihai i he tikanga hou te whai wāhitanga whakaahua fingerprinting ranei - te tautuhi i te takitahi i roto i te runga ki matimati. Mai kore e systematized mōhiohio e pā ana ki te kaimahi kino, tuhia te kāri etahi mōhiohio fakafofonga'i e te e te whakaahua ā-waha. Heoi, tenei whakaahuatanga maha mano o te iwi hāngai, ano, i reira ko tata kahore mōhiohio i runga i o ratou raraunga anthropometric.

matau Alphonse e heahea tuhi nga āhuatanga mata o te momo nui-iti, matotoru-angiangi. He nui atu nui ki te tuhituhi i runga i te puka i te teitei pū, whanui pokohiwi, roa ringa ki nga matimati, a na i runga i. D. Ko ki te hanga inenga o te tawhā o te tangata, e he tonu. A e kore e arotahi te tāutu i roto i te heke mai i runga i tetahi e rua ranei tawhā, me 14-15. Ka penei te whakamōkitohia te tūponotanga o te hapa. More āta, kitea A. Bertillon e te huinga o ma wha tawhā pērā i tupu, roa te tinana o runga, matenga paenga me te roa, te roa o te ringa me waewae, rite pai rite ia o nga maihao, me pera i runga i. E. Mature ērā o tupono tangata he rite ki te 1 ki te 250 miriona.

rerengamahi

O te akoranga, tangohia tona tono i runga i te whakatū o te portrait anthropometric i ki te witi o te tote. Heoi, i homai e ia he whai wāhi ki te mahi i runga i tenei me te ki te whakamatau i tona whai huatanga. Hoa ngahau o te ara ka mau ia te aho i roto i te ringa, te whakatairite i whakaahua kanohi kaimahi kino, ine te tawhiti i waenganui i te kanohi, i te roa me te whanui o te ihu, me te piriti ihu me te t. D.

Na ka riro nga mana whakaaetanga whare whakawā me ngā pūtau herehere te toro, obmerivaya hopukina. O te akoranga, i ia wa riro te reira i te tahi mau ngahau sebaceous i nga herehere, otiia e kore ia i whakarongo ki a reira, a maitai haere ki tona whāinga.

mau taime atoa e, i whakaae ia o te tika o tona ariā: te rahi o te 5 ngā wāhanga o te tinana e kore e te taua i te wa ano. Kua he i runga i te ringa i te taunakitanga ki te tautoko i tona ariā, te aroaro ia ona mana whanaketanga. Otiia ko reira tika ki te whakarite i te reira katoa, i reira watea ki te whakamahi i te raraunga i roto i te tāutu o te kino. O te akoranga, te reira ano hoki i ki te mahi ki a Alphonse Bertillon.

Whakaaturanga o te putanga whakamutunga o tona tikanga ko ki te tango i te wahi i muri anake hoatu katoa e ia ki runga ki nga whata, a ka taea ki te whakamahi i whare whakawā whenua katoa ratou.

systematization

Kia kua kohia nga inenga, ko reira tika ki te hanga i tētahi taupū kāri i roto i nei i reira taea ki te kitea ngāwari te kōtaha e hiahiatia ana.

E ai ki a Bertillon ariā, ka whakamahi i te kōnae kāri o 90 000 ngā pūkete e taea e i roto i te wahi tuatahi ki te tuhi rite te āhuatanga matua o te roa o te matenga, a ka taea te wehea katoa o nga puka ki ngā rōpū matua e toru. I roto i tenei take, ka whai 30 000 kāri ia.

Na, ki te supply tuarua tawhā pērā i te whanui o te matenga, i runga i te pūtake o tenei tikanga, ka whai i te kōwae ki 9 ngā rōpū, i ia o nei ko te 10,000 kāri.

Ki te whakamahi koe i 11 tawhā, ia pouaka ka 10-12 anake pūkete. tenei katoa kawea ano e ia te kawana o te pirihimana taihara French, Mr. Surete. Heoi, he aha i reira te tīmatanga uaua ki te mārama i te whika mure ore i tabulahia i roto i te pou, a kore ake tohutohu ia ia ki te whakakorikoria tetahi tito noa. Heoi, kihai i Alfonso hoatu ake a tamata tona pai ki te whakamatau i te tika o tona ariā. Na ka i hoatu e ia he wā whakamātautau 3-marama.

Taunakitanga o miramira ariā

Ko e mo'oni, ko iti rawa te whai wāhi ki te whakamatau i tana ariā etahi marama e toru mo te, engari Alfonso waimarie. I ia ki te tautuhi i te iti rawa kia kotahi mōhiohio taihara i roto i roto i tona rūnanga kōnae matatini. Tenei te tikanga e me kua mahia te tangata hara i te hara nga marama e toru mo a kia puritia Bertillon raraunga i te pirihimana.

Ki te koa nui o Alphonsus i te aroaro o tenei take ki te wā whakamātautau 80-ra, i muri i tana poroporoaki ia. i taea e ki te whakamatau i tana ariā ia, a ka hohoro whakaritea e ia kaiwhakahaere o te tautuhi ratonga pirihimana French. Na i reira ko te tiketike-kōtaha take "Ravachol", i kawea mai ia rongo i roto i France kore anake, engari puta noa i Europe. pūnaha whare whakawā i huaina he poto, a ka ka whakaaro ia ia he hero motu. Heoi, "whakawhetai" ki te riri e wehingia ana o ana kaiwhakahaere i kino. Otiia ko reira Alphonse Bertillon!

Fingerprinting, i i whakaaro i muri, i kitea ki te kia tika atu, me i muri anake mariri tona pūnaha whakataki bertilonazh ki te papamuri.

Alphonse Bertillon: pukapuka

I roto i te 1893, i whakaputaina Alfonso painga mō pūtaiao whare whakawā, i karangatia e ia te "ture i runga i kïia pūnaha". Ko te kaituhi i homai ki reira siate aua taputapu e tika ana i nga i roto i te ako, me te te drawings, i roto i nei kite tikanga ine o ngā wāhanga tinana i.

E whakarato ana hoki ngā aratohu mō pirihimana, kairēhita, pehea ko reira e tika ana ki te whakaki i roto i te puka uiui. Ratau, i tenei wa i whakaaro e A. Bertillon signaliticheskoy tikanga tuhi rite ki ai i whakaahuatia te taihara te whakamahi i te ngahuru kāmera motuhake i roto i te 3 ngā: i roto i te kōtaha, frontal (1/7 rahi taketake o) me-roa tonu (1/20 Nat. uara). ano hoki i enei whakapakoko ki te kia piri ki te pūkete o te iwi, kotahi tukua he hara, a ka he tatari rārangi Bertillon.