Ko te tikanga o te uaua hukihuki. Ko te mahi me ngā āhuatanga o te uaua kōhiwi

Uaua hukihuki - ko te tukanga matatini arā, o te maha o ngā wāhanga. Ko te wāhanga matua i konei he myosin, actin, troponin, tropomyosin me actomyosin, me katote konupūmā me pūhui e whakarato uaua pūngao. Whakaaroa nga momo me huarahi o te uaua hukihuki. Kia ako tatou, i nei e hanga e ratou me takahanga e tika ana mo te tukanga huri taiāwhio.

uaua

E ngā uaua ki ngā rōpū, e whai te taua tikanga o te uaua hukihuki. E te tohu ano e wehea ratou ki 3 momo:

• uaua striated o te tinana;
• uaua striated o te atria me ventricles o te ngakau;
• okana uaua maeneene, oko toto, me te kiri.

uaua Striated he wahi o te pūnaha musculoskeletal, he wahi o reira, no te mea i roto i te tua ki a ratou, tenei ngā tendons, mea tuhonohono e, wheua. A, no te whakatinana i te huarahi o te uaua hukihuki, mahi i te mahi, me mahi e whai ake nei:

• nekehanga tinana;
• E oho nga wahi tinana whanaunga ki tahi i te tahi;
• tautoko te tinana i roto i te wāhi;
• hanga te wera;
• whakahohe uho e afferent ki nga mara farii o te uaua.

O te uaua maeneene ko:

• nekeneke taputapu o nga whekau, e ngā te rakau arahau, te pūkahukahu, me te ngongo kūnatu;
• nga pūnaha lymphatic me circulatory;
• pūnaha whekau urogenital.

āhuatanga whaiaroaro

Ka rite ki vertebrates katoa i roto i te tinana tangata i reira e toru ngā āhuatanga tino nui o weu uaua kōhiwi:

• contractility - whakaiti me te huri i te ngaohiko ka whakaohokia e;
• kawe ia - kaha ngā puta noa i te muka;
• excitability - whakautu ki te faaitoitoraa na roto i te huri i te membrane pea me katote uruhanga.

He hihiri uaua, me te timata ki te peka e ponana karere e haere mai ana i te pokapū. Otiia i raro i ngā āhuatanga horihori te whakamahi i whakaongaonga hiko. Te uaua ka taea e itangofua tika (whakaongaonga tika) i roto i te uaua io innervating (whakaongaonga autaki) ranei.

momo o motu

Ko te tikanga o te hukihuki uaua te tikanga te faafariuraa o te pūngao matū ki te mahi hangarau. taea ana te ruri i tēnei tukanga experimentally ki poraka: tona kuao uaua kawenga taimaha iti, a ka mukākā electroimpulses marama. Te whakaiti, i roto i nei riro i te uaua poto, ka karanga isotonic. puta shortening hukihuki, ka inerite. e kore e tendons tukua te whanaketanga o te kaha uaua poroa. Ko tētahi atu tikanga auksotonichesky o uaua hukihuki tā tikanga o te ahotea kaha ina whakapototia te uaua ara iti, me te mana ki te tae te mōrahi.

Te hanganga me te innervation o te uaua kōhiwi

Ko te striated uaua kōhiwi ngā te momo o muka i roto i te kiko tūhonohono, ka whakaritea ki te tendons. I roto i te tahi mau muka uaua e whakaritea whakarara ki te tuaka roa, me i roto i ētahi atu e ratou whakaaro matahao, te piri ki te iohere tyazhu me matahuru momo pokapū.

Ko te āhuatanga matua o te muka, ko te papatipu sarcoplasm o miro pai - myofibrils. Ko ratou wāhi kanapa, me te pouri tauutuutu ki ia atu, i he Nini nga muka striated pātata - i roto i te ripeka-wāhanga. Nā tēnei, i roto i te ripeka-paihere i huri noa te muka uaua.

Sarcomere Ko te matatini, pouri me te rua kōpae marama, a he whakawehe reira rārangi Z-āhua. Sarcomeres - he taputapu contractile o uaua. Huri i te reira i roto i e ngā te muka contractile uaua o:

• taputapu contractile (pūnaha myofibrils);
• taputapu arataukai ki pungaraungao, Golgi matatini me te ngoikore kiriuwhi ;
• te pūrere membrane;
• taputapu tohutoro;
• taputapu tailiili.

Kei te wehea te muka uaua ki 5 wahi ki a ratou hanganga me ngā mahi, ka ko ha konga o te kiko uaua.

innervation

Tenei tukanga i roto i muka uaua striated kitenga e muka karere, ara axons o neurons nekeneke o te aho, me te roro kakau tuaiwi. Kotahi motoneuron innervate rave rahi muka uaua. Matatini ki te neuromotor motoneuron me muka te uaua innervated huaina (HME) ranei te wae te nekeneke (MU). maha Toharite o muka, e innervates he motoneuron, faaite te uaua DE, ka karanga kiato innervation tauutuutu. Ko te whakamutunga, ko te nui rawa i roto i te uaua, te wahi nekehanga iti me "kikokore" (kanohi, maihao, arero). Ko tōna uara iti, i runga i te anga ke, i roto i te uaua ki te motini "makaka" (hei tauira, utumu).

Ka taea e Innervation e kotahi, me te maha. I roto i te take tuatahi e mohio reira kūmuri nekeneke kiato. Ko te tikanga ko reira angamaheni mo neurons nekeneke nui. muka uaua (i huaina i roto i tenei take, tinana, ranei nohopuku) te whakaputa PD (moe mahi) e tono ki a ratou.

puta innervation Maha, hei tauira, i roto i te uaua o waho kanohi. e kore te e hangaia tenei he pūmanawa mahi, mai i te membrane kahore takere konutai electroexcitability. E tohaina ratou puta noa i te depolarization muka o te hopearaa synaptic. Ko te tika tenei i roto i te tikanga ki te whakahohe i te huarahi o te uaua hukihuki. e kore te mea rite nohopuku te tukanga i konei rite i roto i te take tuatahi. Na reira, i huaina ai ko puhoi.

Ko te hanganga o te myofibrils

kawea uaua rangahau muka i roto i tenei ra i runga i te pūtake o te X-ray ttara, irahiko Microscopy, me tikanga histochemical.

Kei te tatau te reira i e i roto i ia myofibril, te diameter o i te 1 micron, ngā āhua 2,500 protofibrils, i.e. elongated rāpoi pūmua polymerized (actin me myosin). protofibrils Actin myosin rua te kikokore. I okiokinga, e kei enei uaua kia te tohutohu actin kakawaea tomo ki te mokowā i waenganui i nga protofibrils myosin.

he utu i kakawaea actin He Unuhia whāiti o te marama i roto i te kōpae A. mau tahi ratou te Z membrane.

I te myosin kakawaea i protrusions hake ki runga ki te 20 nm, i roto i te upoko i te mea e pā ana ki 150 rāpoi ngota myosin. haere ratou biopolyarno, ka hono ia upoko myosinic ki te kakawaea actin. A, no te reira he ahotea i runga i te kakawaea o pokapū actin myosin, he tata ki te pokapū o te sarcomere actin kakawaea. I te mutunga o nga kakawaea myosin tae te Z. raina ka tango ratou i te sarcomere katoa, a kei roto ratou actin. I te wa ano peia ahau heke roa te, a i roto i te mutunga riro te reira katoa, tahi ki te mea riro nui te Z raina.

Ko te kupu, kia rite ki te ariā o te neke ngangana, e tika ana ki te roa iti o te muka uaua. Te ariā, i huaina "taputapu", i whakawhanakehia e Huxley ko Hanson i te waenganui o te rautau rua tekau.

Tikanga o te uaua muka hukihuki

Ko te ariā matua ko e e poroa kahore kakawaea (myosin me actin). tonu ratou roa tonu, me te uaua mānukanuka. Ko paihere o kakawaea kikokore, paheke, haere i waenganui i te kakawaea matotoru, heke te tohu o te inaki, na reira ko te whakaiti.

Ko te tikanga rāpoi o te hukihuki uaua ko e whai ake mā te retireti kakawaea actin. hono matenga Myosin protofibrils ki actin. Ki te ratou matapuna i reira te retireti, te neke actin kakawaea ki te pokapū o te sarcomere. Nā ki te whakahaere pourua o ngā rāpoi ngota myosin i runga i ngā taha e rua o nga kakawaea, nga tikanga mo te retireti o kakawaea actin i roto i ngā tohutohu rerekē.

A, no te neke atu uaua whakangā upoko myosin i te kakawaea actin. Ki te pepa ngāwari mānukanuka uaua māhorahora whakakeke nui iti. Na reira, kei te pē roa ratou.

kaupae whakaiti

Ka taea te wehea poto te tikanga o te hukihuki uaua ki te wāhanga e whai ake nei:

1. whakaongaongatia muka uaua te ka tukua te he pūmanawa mahi i nga neurons pūkaha o te synapses.
2. hangaia te pūmanawa mahi i runga i te membrane o te muka uaua, a ka horahia ki te myofibrils.
3. rua electromechanical ta'na e tohu ana i te faafariuraa o hiko ki PD retireti aunoa. Tenei tika whai wāhi katote konupūmā.

katote konupūmā

Hoki pai te māramatanga o te tukanga o te muka te faaitoitoraa o katote konupūmā he watea ki te whakaaro i te hanganga o te kakawaea actin. Ko tōna roa Ko e pā ana ki te 1 micron, matotoru - i te 5 ki te 7 nm. Ko te rua o etahi taniko, e rite te waetahi actin tenei. Āhua katoa 40 nm konei he troponin rāpoi ngota porohita, a i waenganui i nga mekameka - tropomiozinovye.

A, no te e ngaro katote konupūmā, myofibrils arā wātea rāpoi tropomiozinovye roa te ārai i te tāpiritanga o mekameka actin me piriti myosin. ina tropomiozinovye katote konupūmā whakahohe Ko totohu rāpoi wāhi hohonu me te tuwhera.

Na e piri nga piriti myosin ki kakawaea actin me vaevae ATP me whakawhanake uaua kaha. Ko te taea tenei e tika ana ki te pānga o te konupūmā troponin. I roto i tenei rāpoi ngota e hauā te whakamutunga, reira e aki ana i te tropomyosin.

A, no te he pāroherohe te uaua, ko reira kei 1 karamu taimaha mākū neke atu i te 1 mmol o te konupūmā. tai konupūmā He whakaurunga rokiroki taratahi me te motuhake. Kore, te uaua e heke tonu.

konupūmā whakatakotoria e whai ake. I roto i ngā wāhi rerekē o te pūtau HWM uaua i roto i te muka he korere roto i reira te mea he hononga ki te taiao i waho te pūtau. Ko te pūnaha o tubules hake. Ko te pūnaha hāngai ki te pito ahopou o nei - e whakaritea vesicles (kāpeka) tāke i roto i te tata ki te pūnaha diaphragms hake. Tahi whiwhi topu-. Ko roto i oko rongoa konupūmā.

Mai PD kua tohaina ki te pūtau, a reira ko te conjugation electromechanical. Excitation ô haere te muka ki te putanga pūnaha konupūmā roa. Ko te kupu kawea te huarahi whakaiti te muka uaua.

3 tukanga ki ATP

I roto i te ngā o ngā whenu e rua i roto i te aroaro o te konupūmā katote he tūranga nui mo ATP. A, no te whakatinana i te huarahi o te uaua hukihuki o uaua kōhiwi, kua whakamahia te pūngao o ATP ki:

• mahi o te konutai me te konurehu papu e pupuritia he kukū tamau o ngā katote;
• enei matū i runga i taha rerekē o te membrane;
• retireti kakawaea shortening myofibrils;
• Job konupūmā papu mahi ki te akaanga.

ATP Ko te membrane pūtau, te kakawaea o myosin me kiriuhi reticulum sarcoplasmic. Whākōkī wahia iho, ka tikanga o myosin.

kohi o ATP

Kei te mohiotia te reira e taunekeneke upoko myosin ki actin me kei huānga mō te wāhinga ATP. Last actin whakahohe me myosin i te aroaro o katote konupora. Na reira whākōkī wāhinga e wahi ka piri ki te matenga myosin actin. Ko te rahi te ripeka-piriti, ka waiho teitei te tere wāwāhi.

ATP tikanga

I muri i te otinga o te kaupapa o te rāpoi ngota AFL whakarato pūngao mo te wehenga o te tauhohenga whai wāhi i roto i te actin me myosin. upoko Myosin wehea, piri ATP te ki Phosphate me ADP. hono te mutunga hou te ATP rāpoi ngota, me te timata i te huringa. He pera ano te huarahi o te uaua hukihuki, me te whakangā i te taumata rāpoi.

Ka muri i te mahi o te ripeka-piriti anake rite te roa rite te paparetanga ATP puta. Ki te aukati koe e kore e kia piri ano te piriti whākōkī.

Ki te tīmatanga o te mate o te taumata kaiao o ATP i te pūtau taka me piriti noho stably whakaritea ki te kakawaea actin. Heoi i reira ko te wā o te nanakia mortis.

ATP resynthesis

Ka taea te whakatinana Resynthesis i roto i ara e rua.

Na roto i te whakawhiti enzymatic o rōpū Phosphate i creatine Phosphate ki ADP. Mai rakau o creatine i roto i te pūtau nui atu resynthesis ATP whakatinana rawa hohoro. I te wa ano, i te piti hāora o te waikawa pyruvic me resynthesis waikawa lactic ka puhoi.

ATP ko CP kia ngaro rawa, ki te he resynthesis paihana pakaru. Katahi te konupūmā papu mutu mahi, hua i roto i te uaua te irreversibly iti (mai arā contracture). Ko te kupu, pakaru tikanga o hukihuki uaua.

tukanga whaiaroaro

I roto i te whakarāpopototanga, mōhio tatou e poroa te whakaiti o weu uaua e i roto i ia o myofibrils sarcomeres. Ko te kakawaea o myosin (matotoru) me actin (kikokore) pito hono i roto i te āhua e māhorahora. Ko tīmata ratou retireti kaupapa ki ia atu, ka whakatinana tikanga o uaua hukihuki. whakamārama Physiology (poto) te tukanga, ka tukua myosin awe te te pūngao e hiahiatia ana ki te tahuri ATP ki ADP. Ko te kupu ka kia mohio mahi myosin anake ka kohikohi i te ihirangi rawaka o ngā katote konupūmā i roto i te reticulum sarcoplasmic.