Ko wai e nga kaiwhakawa? Tau o te toa Nobel

Ko te tikanga, ka riro he tangata te toa o te Nobel, tika reira ka ūhia, kia whakamatautau ai ia - te ngaio tino i roto i tona mara. Otiia ētahi wā iwi tiki reira, a ka io wa e kore ratou e tika e.

1949 Egas Moniz, rongoā

A, no te whakaaroa e koe tetahi o te mārere tino o ngā tukanga hāparapara i te hītori o te rongoā, ko reira uaua ki te whakatika i te utu. Otiia i roto i tau 1949, i te toketā neave Portuguese Egas Moniz whakawhiwhia i te Nobel mo Medicine mō te tito lobotomy.

tāne Doctor kohao i te angaanga o te manawanui, patu ki te ngira roa, ka karanga leukoma, ka momotuhia i te taupa frontal o te roro rite motumotuhia te waea. riro tenei whawhe kua rawa, me nga tau tekau ma wha i muri mai, riro Moniz te tohu hoki a ia.

Ka rite ki mohiotia te, roaa lobotomy kahore pānga haumanu, me ano, ko reira whakamataku.

1973 Genri Kissindzher, World

He tokomaha hoki, kua kahore e pā ana ki te ao te mua Hekeretari o State Genri Kissindzher. He tokomaha whakaaro ia he taihara whawhai, e whakaritea maha bombings ngaro i roto i te Pakanga Vietnam. I roto i te pukapuka, te kaituhi Christopher Hitchens, "te whakamātautau Genri Kissindzhera" ata te whakaaro e kia hopukina tenei tangata "mo te hara whawhai, hara ki te tangata, me maumaui o te ture te ao, tae atu e whakatakotoria ki te patu tangata, kāhaki me te haamauiuiraa."

Me tauira? Kissinger i he pionie i roto i te poma ngaro o Cambodia, kua kī nei te oraraa o te iwi harakore. Tenei Ua tauturu te Chilean General Augusto Pinochet ki te whakangaro mano o dissidents.

Heoi kua riro Kissinger te Nobel, rite i te mahi i runga i te mutu-ahi i roto i te Pakanga Vietnam, i riro i roto i Hānuere 1973. kihai i mutu i te whawhai tae noa ki 1975. Kissinger whakaritea he mutu-ahi me ki taua mea, te whakahaere i ngā marau me te bombings i te pane o Vietnam, Hanoi. whakaae koe e ongo'i he dissonance.

1912 Nils Gustaf dalen, ahupūngao

te nuinga o te tikanga o te Nobel i Physics e i te hopoia ke te toa te koki o te tangata ao. I whakawhiwhia Nils Gustaf dalen mō whakapainga iti i roto i tiiramaroa.

I roto i 1912, kua mea whakaaro kaipūtaiao te ra piha Solventil, i whakaritea te nui o te marama haurehu waihā i roto i te rama. Ki reira katia te rama i sunrise, ka tahuri ki runga ki aunoa i te po. O te akoranga, te whakamahi economical o pūngao me ngā rauemi, ko te tonu mai, engari he mea whakauaua te tenenga tika o te tohu taua.

Ko te whakaaro taketake o te Komiti ko ki te ringa i runga i te taonga ki Thomas Edison ko Nikola Tesla. Ko te raruraru ko e te laureates kei i te waenganui o te totohe pūtea, a kihai Tesla ki whai wāhi i roto i te whakataetae. Engari o hoatu reira ki tetahi ranei te tahi atu, ua faaoti te komiti ki te utu i te taata nei whakaaro he ora tika mo te rama tawhito.

1994 Yasser Arafat, rangimarie

Yasser Arafat Ko te kaiwhakatuma he toa herekore ranei, ki te whānuitanga nui tei runga i nei taha tango e koe i runga i te tautohe i waenganui i Palestine me Iharaira. I roto i tetahi take, he uaua ki te whakakahore e te Nobel mo Arafat, riro ia i te 1994 mo tona fafauraa ki te rangimarie i roto i te Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti, titiro reira iti iho i te faahiahia ki te puipuitua o e rua tekau tau o te totohe i roto i te Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti.

I roto i te 1993, kua whakawhanakehia Arafat, me Iseraela Pirimia Yitzhak Rabin ko Minita Foreign Himono, kua oti mutunga o te kaupapa, huru e mutu te whawhai o Iseraela-Pirihitia. riro e toru katoa he wahi i roto i te Nobel te rangimarie paraihe te tau e whai ake.

Heoi, tata tonu i reira ko he hui rawa: i roto i te hui tohu, he hoia Iseraela nei i kahakina e te militants Islamic, koperea mate i roto i te mahi whakaora Iseraela.

1997 Dario Fo, Literature

Pea, tenei wa hiahia te Komiti ki te ohorere katoa. Hoki te wa roa, ko te tino rongonui he kaitito me te kōmeke Italy Pho.

Hei faahiti kotahi fakaanga tuhituhi, kei te kite ia i rite "ngāwari ... hangareka tīrama pūmanawa." Ko te aha i patua ai ia?

E ai ki a Fo publicist whaiaro, Michael Earley, pea no reira te whakaaro o ohorere. Wawe tohe ia e kore i te Komiti pōti mo Rushdie, e kore hoki Miller no te mea ko reira "tonutia rawa, rongonui rawa."

1958 Hohua Lederberg, rongoā

Esther Lederberg ko kaikoiora moroiti mīharo, engari e kore e whai te reira i te Nobel. Na ko tana tahu, e Hohua, te toa o tenei tohu, ahakoa i hanga hoki pūtaiao ko nui iti. Heoi, ko te reira i roto i 1958, a ko Ehetere he wahine. Ko te kupu, riro ia notoriety, a kua noho te reira i roto i te atarangi.

I roto i te 1958, i mahi a Ehetere me Hohua Lederberg i te University o Wisconsin, te wahi i hanga e ia maha apî nui hauora. Tuatahi, ka kitea e ia he Phosphate huaketo e-coli kitakita, i mea whariki te ara mo te ako o te tahi atu, huaketo matatini atu. Katahi ia me tana tahu whakawhanakehia he tikanga i huaina te tāruaruatanga, te wahi e oho nga huakita i te paraharaha i runga i te paraharaha, e whakaatu ana irakētanga pērā i ātete rongoā paturopi. Tenei kaha ki te whakapōrearea i te huringa ora o te huakita ko o faufaa nui mo te whanaketanga o ngā huarahi hou ki te rongoā paturopi.

tika Hohua Lederberg te Nobel? Pea, engari kua tika tana wahine reira atu. Otiia tupu te tahi mea e ia ki te tupu, pera te wahine ka whakatika ki runga ake i tona era.

2009 Barack Obama, te ao

I roto i te 2008, ke Obama te toofa mo te pou o te peresideni o te Hau Amui no Marite. E iwa marama i muri mai, kua whakaritea e te Komiti Nobel e nui ki te kia whakaaro te mori o te ao ia kua mahi, ahakoa te meka i tonoa e ia 30,000 ngā hōia ki Afghanistan.

E ai ki te Komiti, i utu ia "mo ona mau tautooraa faahiahia ki te whakapakari i hautoa ao, me te mahi tahi i waenganui i nga iwi." Me kï reira e ko te taata tei mau o te tohu whaimana i te matenga o te tari US iti iho i te tau.

1974 Harry Martinson, tuhituhinga

I te tau 1974, te rohipehe, me te kaituhi Harry Martinson riro te Nobel i Literature. E riro te reira anōtia ki te mōhio i riro ia te reira i roto i te noho i roto i te whenua tika, me te hoa whanaunga ki te iwi tika.

E ai ki fakaangá, ko Martinson te rohi pehe tino tairongo, me te taketake o tona whakatupuranga. Tuatahi o te katoa, ka whakanuia e ia i te pū tino o tona reo. Ko te raruraru ko e te waho o tona whenua Sweden e pā ana ki reira, torutoru kua rongo.

take pai, e ai pea tika e ia te utu ko e ka e ia te tika ki te pōti. Ae, i roto i te tau 1949, i muri i te whakaputanga o tona pūrākau "Te Road", i pōtitia Martinson ki te Komiti. Ko reira pakeke ki te mea ranei takaro tona reo he tino hira i roto i maui reira, engari tonu te meka.

1992 Rigoberta Menchu, te ao

I mawhiti tuatahi, te mea Rigoberta Menchú he kaitono pai mo te Nobel te rangimarie paraihe. riro ia te reira i roto i 1992 "i roto i te āhukahuka o tona mahi mo te tika pāpori me te houhanga rongo ethno-ahurea e hāngai ana i runga i te whakaute mō te tika o ngā iwi taketake." Tona pukapuka, whakaputaina i roto i te 1983, ngā te aro o te hapori ao. tohe te reira i te tika o kaimahi Indian whawhai ki te tukino o Kuatemalá.

Ko te aha kaiwawao o tika e kore e tika i te tohu?

I te New York Times kaipūrongo Rawiri Stoll, e tae mai te pāhuarau (Guatemala), i reira ko he wāhi rawa rerekē o tirohanga e pā ana ki te āhuatanga i roto i te rohe. Te āhua, te rangahau whānui Stoll, peita he pikitia, e kore te komiti Nobel i hiahia ki te whakarongo. i rite nanakia rite te ope Kuatemalá Menchú me tona ope pakanga, engari riro ia te utu o te ao, te whakaatu tona taha, ano te pōwhiri.

2016 Bob Dylan, tuhituhinga

Oia mau, Bob Dylan - he kaiwhakatangitangi nui, me tona rotarota ko tetahi o te ahurei tino i roto i te aamu o te waiata. Otiia, whakawhiwhia te komiti Nobel te utu ki a Dylan i te 2016 mo te tuhituhinga, kua meinga he tini o manuki.

Dylan ia, e kore tata i farii i te tohu i roto i te marama torutoru i muri i te wikitoria, kihai ia ki te kiia tona kupu tata noa te tuarua rawa whakamutunga.

I roto i tetahi o nga wahi tino taketake o tona korero, faahiti ia e "rere nga waiata i te tuhinga: kua auraa ratou ki kia waiata, e kore ki te pānui i." muri uru Dylan e ia tino horihori rite toi tiketike, me te Nobel hoki reira.