Ngoi pahara - he hua o te pāhekoheko o ngā irarā o tetahi ira

ngoi pahara - he momo motuhake o te irarā ngā ira, ai kore ai e tino tāmia te huaira ngoikore tino. I roto i runga ki te ture, tuwhera Mendel, tino katoa Kōpeke te faaiteraa o te ngoikore. Ko te kairangahau ako korerotia rerekē āhuatanga i roto i te tipu ki te faaiteraa o rānei irarā ngoi ngoikore ranei. I roto i ētahi wā, fehangahangai Mendel ki te kore o nga ture, engari kihai i whakamārama ratou.

He puka hou o te tupu

I te tahi taime, ka rite ki te hua o te whiti uri riro nga tohu takawaenga, kihai nei i i hoatu i roto i te puka iraruarite o te ira matua. kihai i mana kāore i te taputapu ariā o te iranga ki te tīmatanga te rau tau XX, ka i kitea akaouia mai ratou ture a Mendel. Na, kawea maha kaipūtaiao tūturu i roto i ngā ira ki huawhenua me te kararehe taonga (tōmato, ngā rekiumu, hamsters, kiore, namu hua).

I muri i te haamauraa cytological i roto i 1902, ka anga Walter Tatana Mendelian tauira o te mau parau tumu tuku me te pāhekoheko ki te tohu, ki te whakamārama i te tūnga o te whanonga o te ngā pūira i roto i te pūtau.

I roto i te taua 1902 whakaahuatia Cermak Correns te take ka, i muri i whiti tipu ki corolla ma, me te whero i roto i te uri i te puawai o te tae māwhero - mana oti. Tenei whakaatu o nga hybrids (tohuira Aa) āhuatanga i te mea whanaunga takawaenga ki iraruarite ngoi (AA) me ngoikore (aa) tohuāhua. Kua he pānga rite kua whakaahuatia hoki maha momo o ngā tipu whaipua: snapdragons, hakiniti, po ataahua, rōpere.

ngoi pahara - he take mo te huringa o whākōkī mahi?

Ka taea te faataa i te tikanga o te ahua o te whakatinanatanga toru o āhuatanga i te tūranga o te mahi o whākōkī i he pūmua i te āhua me te ira whakatau te hanganga pūmua. Te tipu ki te iraruarite tohuira ngoi (AA) whākōkī e kia nui, me te ka ōrite te nui o ngarahu te auau ki inarā whakapoke i te wai pūtau.

Homozygotes ki ngā irarā ngoikore (aa) ngarahu kōtuitanga kōrori whati tonu uncolored. I roto i te take o te tohuira iraruakē takawaenga (Aa), homai tonu he ira tino he nui etahi o te paru haepapa mō te ähua, engari e kore e nui hoki tae kanapa kukū. Huri i te reira i te tae o "hawhe."

Tohu tuku iho i te momo takawaenga

aroturuki pai kainga pahara pērā i runga i te faaiteraa tāupe o tohu:

1. Ko te kaha tae. William Bateson, whiti heihei pango me te ma momo Andalusian ki te whakawhānau ki huruhuru hiriwa. I roto i te whakamāramatanga o te iris kanohi tangata anga tae he hoki reira tikanga hohe.
2. Ko te tohu o te pakeke o te tohu. Kei te whakaritea hoki makawe tangata ki te huru kainga pahara. Tohuira AA homai makawe mingimingi, aa - tika, me te iwi ki te irarā e rua i makawe karekare.
3. tohu ine. riro roa taringa witi kei i runga i te pūtake o te mana oti.

I roto i te whakatupuranga F2 tohuāhua hāngai maha ki te maha o ngā tohuira e faaite mana oti. Test ripeka ki te whakatau e kore e hiahia ana i te hybrids, no te mea ratou titiro rerekē i te rārangi ma tino.

Wāhinga i tohu whakawhiti

Whakaotia a oti mana rite ngā ira puta i roto i runga i te ture tauhanga o Mendel. I roto i te take tuatahi, te ōwehenga i roto i te tohuāhua F2 (3: 1) e kore e hāngai ki te ōwehenga o ngā tohuira uri (1: 2: 1) puta ngā rite tohuāhua o AA me ngā irarā Aa te taua. Na ka ngoi pahara - he ōrite i roto i F2 ōwehenga o ngā tohuira rerekē me tohuāhua (1: 2: 1).

I roto i te rōpere tae riro ahau i te tau i runga i te pūtake o te mana oti. Ki te ki te whiti i te tipu ki te hua whero (AA) me te whakato ki te hua ma - tohuira AA, te whakatupuranga tuatahi o nga otaota katoa riro e whai hua ki te tae māwhero (Aa).

E whiti hybrids i F1, K2 i te uri whakatupuranga tuarua whiwhi i te pā ana e hāngai ana ki taua tohuira: 1AA + + 2Aa 1AA. 25% o nga otaota o te whakatupuranga tuarua ka whakarato i te hua whero, me te uncolored, 50% o nga otaota - māwhero.

Ka hei maharatanga te tauira rite i roto i te rua whakatupuranga e whiti rārangi parakore ki te puawai ataahua po corolla papura, me te ma tae.

Āhuatanga o tupu i roto i te take o ira te tahuti nei

I roto i ētahi wā, he uaua te ōwehenga o tohuāhua o uri ki te whakatau i te āhua o ngā ira taunekeneke. I roto i te rua i te whakatupuranga i te wāwāhi mana pahara rerekē reira i te tūmanakohia 1: 2: 1 me 3: 1 - i roto i te ki tonu i. Tenei tupu ina homai he huaira ngoi ngoikore ranei i roto i te āhua iraruarite te tohuāhua e kore ko e hototahi ki te ora (ira whakamate).

I roto i te tae hina hipi reme hou astrakhan e he iraruarite mo te tae irarā ngoi, mate e tika ana ki te meka i tenei tohuira ko te takahi o te puku.

I roto i te tangata, he tauira o te tahuti ahua tino o te ira - brachydactyly (korotkopalost). kitea tohumate i roto i roto i te take o te tohuira iraruakē, i mate nga homozygotes tino i te tīmatanga o te whanaketanga fetal.

Kia whakamate ngā irarā ngoikore. ai toronaihi haeana pūtau, i roto i te take o te rua ngā irarā ngoikore i roto i te tohuira, ki te hanga i te huringa erythrocytes. taea e kore tōtika te piri pūtau toto hāora, me 95% o ngā tamariki ki tenei Pākatokato e patua e te hāora te hemokai. I roto i te heterozygotes kore e pāngia i te puka whakarerekētia o pūtau toto whero ki te whānuitanga taua i runga i te noho tuwhera tonu.

Wāhinga i te aroaro o nga tohu o ira whakamate

I roto i te whakatupuranga tuatahi, ka kore e puta whiti AA x aa tahuti, no te mea ka whai nga uri katoa te tohuira AA. Homai ngā tauira o tohu o wāwāhi mo te whakatupuranga tuarua take ira whakamate:

He mea nui ki te mahino e te pānga, i te tahu e rua mana oti, a ka whakatika te pānga o pehi āhuatanga wāhanga i te pāhekoheko o ngā hua ira.