Ōhanga o Uzbekistan: angitu ranei te kore oti?

Kua puta ake i te ōhanga hou o Uzbekistan ki tufaa Ariki Uzbek e whakatika i muri i te tiango o te Soviet Union. I roto i te te mau melo o te Kihi, tenei whenua ko tetahi o te tuatahi tomo te wā o te whanaketanga ōhanga. Na roto i te 2001, i taea e ki te whakahoki i te taumata Soviet o hanga kia rite ki te tohu o GDP Uzbekistan. kua Engine o tupu kua me tonu tāwāhi (rite ki te kohi kāinga, kei roto i te āhua o te stagnation). Ka rite ki te hua, kitea tupu o te öhanga i roto i te paerewa ora iti.

ōhanga Ariki

Ki te ū te āhua o te whenua kua ite e te putanga o te kāwanatanga hou, kua whiriwhiri te kāwanatanga o Uzbekistan te akoranga o te whakahou āta. Ko te whāinga matua o te whakawhitinga āta i te ōhanga whakaritea o te Soviet ki te mākete hou. hanganga Structural ngā te whakapakari o te ako utu me utu teitei i roto i te rāngai pūngao, te huringa o te hinonga ahuwhenua ngā mua ki ngā pāmu takitahi, me te te makanga o nga whakahaere motuhake kāwanatanga.

I te wa ano, i te hokotanga o hinonga kihai i riro i te ki tonu i-parirau. Ka rite ki te hua, whakamatauria te turanga o te ōhanga ki te kia ki tonu o ngā whakahēnga Uzbekistan. Kua arahina tēnei āhuatanga ki te meka e kua pakanga iho te whakawhiti ki te ōhanga mākete, me te kore i mutu ki tenei ra. Ko te rāngai tūmataiti, me te rakahinonga ārai te wawaotanga kāwanatanga.

Banking ko Finance

I roto i te 1994, ka ōhanga o Uzbekistan ona ake moni motu - moni (he moni e rite ana ki te kotahi rau tiyin). I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te 90 tona auau whakawhiti ki te tāra US kua noho ngā pūmau. I te timatanga o nga 2000, i rere omaki te moni US. A, no te mea kua puta te huringa i roto i te uara i te kaupapa o te Central Bank o Uzbekistan. Ko te take i te pāpātanga whakawhiti i roto i te iwi Āhia Central kore he utu, a kua whakaritea e te kāwanatanga tinana pūtea. i te pēke pokapū ki te tango i mehua e kaingäkautia ki te kawe i te utu o Uzbek moni ki nga tohu mākete tūturu. Pikinga - tetahi o nga raruraru ōhanga matua o te whenua. Ki te whakaiti i te tere tiketike o te tupu utu i roto i te kāwanatanga mō te 25 tau, tonu reira ki te whakahaere raru kaupapa here moni, me te nama.

I roto i te 2003 anake, ua faaite te Tāhuhu o Economy o Uzbekistan te tīmatanga o te convertibility noa o te moni motu. Hei kawe i whakahounga e hiahiatia ana ki te kawe i roto i te whakakotahitanga o reiti whakawhiti, i uaua e te mimiti haere te wāriu ka. Kotahi ara ranei tetahi, engari te whakawhetai ki te mehua tangohia i roto i te 2003, ka hinga pikinga ki te 3%. I roto i te heke mai, tonu te kāwanatanga ki te āta tuitui i te moni o Uzbekistan i te hokohoko o te ao.

Ko te pareparenga nui e rima i roto i te whenua - e te National Bank, Uzpromstroybank, Asaka Bank, Agrobank ko Ipotekobank (whakaaro, mō te 62% o te pūnaha pēke te whenua o katoa). I te 2013, moni katoa te whakapaipai o ngā rōpū nama arumoni o te whenua ki $ 3 piriona.

I roto i te 1994, i hanga te Stock Exchange "Tashkent", i riro tetahi o nga pokapū matua o te ora pūtea o te whenua. pumau te reira i te hokohoko, haumi me te inihua kamupene matua o Uzbekistan. I te utu kararehe whakahaere whakahere tūmatanui tuatahi me te tauhokohoko tuarua o te peeke. I roto i te 2012, ki tenei pūhara riro mā te hoko 85 miriona tāra.

whanaunga waho

Kei te ngana te ōhanga hou o Uzbekistan ki te riro i te mākete kore anake, engari tuwhera ano hoki ki te toenga o te ao. Ko te taputapu matua mō tenei - whai wāhi te whenua o roto i te wehenga ao o mahi me te ōhanga ao. I roto i te āhua Ariki hou 90 Kua tomo te momo o ngā rōpū e kua awhinatia ki te whakatū hoapā hokohoko ki whenua rerekē. Ko matua tenei te UN, i roto i nei ko te momo o pūtahi ōhanga. cooperates hoki Central repupirita Āhia ki te Bank Ao me te International Finance Corporation.

Kua whakatuwheratia he tokomaha whakahaere ratou tari māngai i roto i Tashkent. Ko te UN, te IMF, te Pākehā Bank mo whakatikatika me Development, Bank te Ao, te Pākehā Union Commission. Puta me o ratou pakihi rohe. Te nuinga o te ōhanga o Uzbekistan hono te ki te ōhanga o ētahi atu whenua i roto i Central Asia, Russia, Turkey, Pakistan ko Iran (ki te muri i roto i ngā E āta hono ana ki te ōhanga o katatānga, Uzbekistan me te Russian Federation). whakaurua te Republic katoa i roto i 37 pūtahi pūtea ao.

Hei faaohie te hanganga o nga hinonga ki kua whakahaerehia whakapaipai ke te rēhita o ngā kamupene e hiahia ana ki te haumi i roto i te ōhanga o Uzbekistan. Tautautefito pai ko te whakatamarikitanga o ngā ture hou mō te raihana o tāwāhi. Ko rite i mua, a inaianei hoa matua o Uzbekistan - te whenua o nga Kihi.

kukume haumi

E ai ki ngā tatauranga, a Uzbekistan ōhanga i tenei ra, i roto i ngā o te haumi, te ātaahua tino i roto i te rohe o te ahumahi pūngao (hinu para, hinonga matū), waka me te ahuwhenua. I ngā wā, whakahaua whakapaipai ke te ki nga rohe Tashkent me Ferghana. Ka rite ki tuhia i runga, ko tonu te mākete o te ōhanga o Uzbekistan nuinga o ti'aturi i runga i te kāwanatanga. Na reira, i te nui rawa kaupapa haumi ke whakatinana i roto i te whenua anake i raro i te aroturuki kāwanatanga. Nuinga o ngā wā, te Tāhuhu o Economy o Uzbekistan me ētahi atu whare haepapa tīpakohia ahanoa hi-tech me ahumahi, me te faufaa ripeka-rängai. Katoa o enei kaupapa ki te whakaongaonga tipu rāngai tūmataiti.

E hāngai haumi e kore i ngā hōtaka o nāianei wā-poto, me mo te wā-roa, me te tika ki te whakatutuki i te whāinga rautaki o te kaupapa. E ai ki te mau parau tumu, me te pūnaha o te kaupapa here ōhanga o te kāwanatanga. whakapaipai Foreign whakahaere huringa hanganga o te momo o ahumahi, whakatere te ao hou, me te hangarau anō-taputapu o te hanga. Me tenei ra, me te mo te haumi i roto i kaupapa taiao ōhanga o Uzbekistan. He raruraru nui ko te āhuatanga i roto i te Moana Aral maroke ake hoki o te whakamahi whakaarokore o ngā rauemi wai i roto i te wā Soviet.

I roto i te Uzbekistan o tenei ra, ko te āhuatanga tino pai mō te haumi vai i roto i te tukatuka me te keri. Ko te ahua i roto i enei innovations hangarau āwhina whakaiti i ngā utu rauemi, fakafe'ātungia'i te hanga o taonga ki utu iti i runga i te hokohoko o te ao. whakatauranga o teie mahana i roto i te ōhanga o Uzbekistan te nuinga tika whanake i roto i taua kaweake (miro, papanga, me te pera i runga i. D.). He tino nui i roto i te wā whakawhiti i roto i i ora ai ia, ko te nei te käwanatanga Āhia Central Investments.

rauemi raw

hanga tokomaha tau o te whanaketanga o te ōhanga o Uzbekistan kua reira te kāwanatanga ahumahi tino i roto i Central Asia, ko te kī o te pūmautanga i roto i te rohe. Ko te whenua kua he maha o painga taketake mō pūtea ke. Tenei pūmautanga macroeconomic me tōrangapū, pai ngā takiwā makariri, me te taiao. He matua ki te whanaketanga kākahu o te whenua kia rite ki te katoa ano hoki enei āhuatanga.

Kei te hurihuri i te ōhanga Uzbek 25 tau whakawhetai ki tona turanga rauemi taonga me te tūranga matawhenua pai (Kei Uzbekistan te i roto i te pokapū o te mākete rohe nui rawa). pūtaiao, me te hinengaro, me te nui rauemi tangata o te whenua. Access ki rauemi raw hanga reira taea ki te whakaiti i te utu o ngā rauemi kawe, e arotau te utu o ngā hua hangaia.

I teie mahana, kua kitea te whenua 2,800 mara rerekē. tata rauemi kohuke turanga o te käwanatanga kei i 3.5 trillion tara. Ngā mihi ki a ia, i hanga e whai ake nei i te whakatutukitanga o Uzbekistan i te ōhanga: te wahi 9 th i roto i te ao mo te hanga o te koura, 9 - konukarihi, 5 - miro muka.

energetics

Central iwi Āhia ko tetahi o te pūngao rawa motuhake torutoru te ao. whakaratohia Uzbekistan Industries 100% hinu masivesivá, hinu, kapuni, hiko me te waro. hiahia Economic ka hipokina hoki i te iti rawa i tetahi atu 100 tau. He torotoro 200 o hau, hinu, me te condensate.

Ko whai hua i te wāhi o te tirohanga o te kaha te ōhanga o te Republic o Uzbekistan. Reira hipokina kore anake te tono te whakanui ake, engari ano hoki he maha ngā wā iti atu i ara nga whenua tino matatau tona uara. I tua atu, i reira he pūmanawa mutunga, e ngā i roto i ngā mātāpuna kē pūngao (hau, solar, a na i runga i. D.).

I teie mahana, i roto i te Uzbekistan e 45 tipu mana whakaputa 12,000 megawatts ia tau. Tenei matatini mahia e pā ana ki te hawhe te pūngao o te pūnaha pūngao ao katoa o Central Asia. I roto i 2012, i te otaota te mana o Uzbekistan hua 52 piriona kirowati-haora.

ahuwhenua

Agriculture Ko te kaiwhakarato nui o ngā rauemi mata mo production ahumahi. Ahakoa o nei ko te minita o te ōhanga o Uzbekistan, kua tonu noho te rāngai ahuwhenua te whakapehapeha o te whenua. Ko te pūtake o te te ahuwhenua - te hanga o te miro. Ko te hua nui kaweake tenei. Hei tauira, 3.4 miriona toni o miro i kohia i roto i te 2010. Ētahi atu tūemi kaweake nui o te ahuwhenua o Uzbekistan hiraka raw, karepe, hua, merengi. I tua atu, i te nui nui o te hua hokona me huawhenua (10 miriona taranata ia tau).

Mō 60% o te taupori o Uzbekistan ora i roto i ngā wāhi tuawhenua. I roto i tenei whakaaro, kaimahi te rāngai ahuwhenua he ōwehenga nui o te taupori mahi whai wāhi i roto i te ōhanga. ngā wāhi nui whakamahia mo kai, te tiaki i te nui pūnaha irrigation. puta ia i roto i te wā Soviet. Te ite i te faufaa o tenei hanganga, kua te kāwanatanga whakahou wā motuhake Uzbekistan reira. tata wāhi māra teie mahana te i 4 miriona heketea i roto i te whenua (whenua te taheraa kėia e pā ana ki 87%).

E ai ki ngā tatauranga i homai e te Tāhuhu o Economy o te Republic o Uzbekistan, kua neke atu i te 80 mano pāmu te whenua. Ko te wāhi toharite o te wahi taua - 60 heketea. ōhanga agrarian wā waho i takoha me takoha whakahauanga ki te takotoranga moni. Mō 10 mano o ratou tohunga ana i roto pāmu, potato me huawhenua, te tahi atu 22 000 - i roto i te ahuone me te viticulture (tupu te tau kei te pā ana ki 50 000 tana o karepe, me 15,000 taranata o te hua).

E ai ki te whakatau o te mutunga o te peresideni Ihirama Karimov o Uzbekistan whakaaetia ki te Pūtea International mo Agricultural Development. I roto i te kaupapa o huru mana'o-, e taea te tiki i te kāwanatanga i roto i o reira taurewa concessional mo te whanaketanga o te rāngai ahuwhenua. E ai ki ngā whakatau tata, i roto i tenei rängai o te ōhanga Uzbek ki te rā haumi e pā ana ki 700 miriona tara i roto i moni ke. Ko reira te moni o te Āhia Development Bank, World Bank ko Islamic Development Bank. Katoa tau, hua ahuwhenua o te käwanatanga, tata te tapeke utu o nei i 12 trillion soums. Kei te tukua te ahumahi matū o Uzbekistan ki te mākete neke atu i te 1 miriona tana o ngā maniua.

He take pai mo te whanaketanga o te te ahuwhenua o Uzbekistan ko te pātata ki te momo o ngā mākete. āhuatanga Ko tōna ōhanga e te hanganga waka whakawhanakehia. Kei te integrated te reira i ki te pūnaha kōrero whānui whakakotahi i te katoa o Eurasia. Hei tauira, te kamupene Slovak, e te haumi i roto i Uzbekistan, uru ki te mākete rima nui me tere tipu (CIS).

kaimahi

tonu Central repupirita Āhia te puna nui o te mahi. Uzbekistan - he āhua rauiwi, me te tini, i te mea i te maaraa o ara hokohoko i waenganui i te Te Tai Rāwhiti me te Te Hau-ā-uru. Mai nga wa onamata, ko reira he pokapū o te kukū o ngā pūtahi mātauranga me te rangahau, me te he smithy o kaimahi tino tohu.

hāngai teie mahana Uzbekistan i te ōhanga o te ao i runga i te mahi o ngā raukura i 65 whare wänanga o te whenua (wāhi ahumahi, me te hangarau ngaio rawa faufaa). Mai 1943, e mahi ana i roto i te käwanatanga Academy o Sciences. Kei a ia ko waru'inisititiuti rangahau. Tenei auaha matua pokapū kore anake te whenua, engari te rohe o Āhia Central katoa. He maha nui o Uzbek mahi whai wāhi i roto i te ōhanga Russian. Hoki ngā mahi i roto i te tamarikitanga hohe RF tere te nuinga.

hoa tauhokohoko

Ki te mārama me pēhea te kua whakawhanakehia te ōhanga o Uzbekistan i te whenua i runga i te 25 tau o te rangatiratanga, kia tuhia te reira e te tata hono reira ki te maha hokohoko hihiri - Kihi, Eastern Europe Tonga Ahia, Te Tai Rāwhiti me Tonga-Te Tai Rāwhiti Asia, te Middle Te Tai Rāwhiti, Afghanistan, a Central me.

Integration kore anake tuku painga, engari hanga ano hoki te käwanatanga whakaraerae ki fakatamaki waho i ki waho. Hei tauira, te raruraru ōhanga ao o 2008-2009. hua te reira i roto i ngā utu nui ki te ōhanga motu. Ki te akakoromaki i te wero, tangohia te kāwanatanga he hōtaka anti-raruraru. I roto i kua i te akoranga o reira kua whakatere ao hōu, whakahoutia ahumahi matua, heke utu kohi pūngao, nui haere whakataetae o ngā kaiwhakanao, te whanaketanga o te hanganga hou, tino whakakaha te tere me te tika o te pēke, me te pūnaha pūtea. E ai ki te hōtaka, whakarewahia neke atu i te 300 kaupapa nui, i mauhere e pā ana ki 43 piriona tāra.

I roto i te tikanga ki te whakatū i hononga ōhanga ki te ao i waho, i roto i te 90 tau i i te whenua ki te waihanga i i te wahanga i te torutoru pūtahi. I roto i te wahi tuatahi ko reira te Tāhuhu o Foreign Economic Relations, Ratonga Customs, me te National Bank mo Foreign Economic Affairs. E whakahaeretia e te Rünanga Käwanatanga o Minita o Uzbekistan enei hanganga. I roto i te take o ngā mea nui ruma hoa whakapumautia o tauhokohoko (ki te UK, US, Germany me ētahi atu whenua). I teie mahana, te tika ki te tomo i te mākete ke te kaha whakamahia e pā ana ki e rua mano hinonga nui o nga lepupilika Āhia Central (corporations, rōpū, a na i runga i. D.). Kua whakawhanakehia huihui te pūmanawa kaweake o Uzbekistan ki te kāwanatanga āta o te mahi tahi ōhanga ao te whenua o.

pakihi

Neke atu i te te 10 tau o mua, hinonga tūmataiti nui ake i to ratou ake takoha ki te GDP o Uzbekistan (i te 30% ki te 50%). Ngā kite he pakihi iti i roto i te ahumahi hanga, ahuwhenua, rängai ratonga hokohoko. tonu tōna hiranga ki te tupu i roto i te ahumahi marama.

Kei te mahi e toru o ratou i roto i te pakihi iti (e ratou ratou e pā ana ki, ranei mahi e taua kaitukumahi ranei) o nga iwi e mahi ana e wha i roto i te Uzbekistan. E anake te whakanui ake ēnei whika. Katoa tau, hinonga tūmataiti homai te whenua te hawhe-miriona mahi (tata hawhe o ratou kei roto i te ahuwhenua, 36% i roto i te rāngai mahi, 20% mo te ahumahi). whanaketanga pakihi pūmau i roto i Uzbekistan haapuai te mana o te mana matua rohe.

I muri i te tiango o te Soviet Union i mua ka tika te kāwanatanga ki te hanga i tētahi anga ture pai mo te whakatü me te whakahaere o hinonga iti tūmataiti. I muri, te tikanga o te rēhitatanga o te mahi takitahi anake whakahaere me hou. I roto i te whakarara ki enei tikanga hou e kawea i roto i, e pā ana ki te tāketanga (meingatia waehere tāke hou).

Pakihi me te kāwanatanga

Ko reira nui e te tata 2011 i whakapuakina te peresideni o te Central Āhia Republic Ihirama Karimov "Tau o pakihi iti, me te rakahinonga tūmataiti." Ko te minita o te ōhanga o Uzbekistan (inaianei nohoia tenei pou e Saidova Galina Karimovna) mo o te tangata tuatahi i tukuna ki te kāwanatanga i te hōtaka o mehua e tika ana ki te kukume haumi hou me te putanga o ngā mahi hou. I roto i ngā, ki te pūtea whakarato rārangi nama takitahi mo te kaupapa tino kōhure, me kaupapa o te pakihi iti i roto i te whenua.

mahi te hōtaka motuhake i roto i te mara o te rakahinonga i roto i te ahuwhenua. whare State tahi-pütea i roto i ngā wāhi tuawhenua o Uzbekistan. Kua anake tenei hanganga ko te whenua momona mō te whanaketanga pakihi atu. Whakatipu hokohoko hokohoko, rängai ratonga, pakihi whānau. Kaitono, riro kaimahi hamani maitai i roto i te tuku moni, me te pūtea e tika ana mo te whakatinanatanga o ngā kaupapa tūmataiti.

E ai ki te kāwanatanga "Program o te whanaketanga o ngā wāhi tuawhenua" He tuawhenua kamupene hanga iti. Mō kotahi mano taua umanga hoatu e wha tekau mano mahi mō kaimahi hanga mohio. Hoki Uzbekistan, me te hoki tetahi atu whenua i roto i te whakawhitinga, he mea nui ki te hanga i tētahi taiao whakataetae i roto i ngā wāhi katoa, i roto i te tikanga ki te haere tonu ki te mākete ano i taea whakahaere ratou.

pānga mahi Iti mahi e kore e anake, engari ano hoki mo te toenga o te āhuatanga pāpori i roto i te āhua. te whanaketanga o te te rakahinonga anake hanga te whakamahi tino pai o ngā rauemi mahi tangata. whakatairanga te reira i pai-oranga me te whakawhirinaki o te hapori i roto i te heke mai, me te ko te ope nui peia ārahi i te whenua ki te ahunga whakamua.

Angitu te kore oti ranei?

Ko tētahi o nga paruparu matua o te ōhanga hou o Uzbekistan ko tona fakafalala ki kawemai witi. production Domestic hipokina anake kotahi-hauwhā o te katoa tono mo tenei rauemi. Te hanganga, ōhanga o te käwanatanga, ko te rite whai: ahuwhenua whakarato 17% o te GDP, te rāngai ratonga - 50%, ahumahi - 25%.

Te āhuatanga i roto i te Uzbekistan ki waho waia ki te hapori ao kaua ausia. Ko te whenua He kati wāhi ngā mōhiohio. Te mita o te pūnaha ōhanga mohiotia anake i tātari uaua te mōhiohio kāwanatanga mōhiohio. I roto i te whānui, i te āhua fakaaoao o te kāwanatanga i roto i te Uzbekistan kitea i roto i te ōhanga iho. He tautohetia reira, ki te anake no te mea, i runga i te ringa kotahi, kia rite ki te mākete whanake, me i te tahi atu i te ringa, mana'o te pēhanga o te mana ngana ki te whakahaere i tona ahumahi tino nui.