Podkopaev, MI whakahaere pūnahanaha reo Āhuatanga

MI Podkopaev

Voronezh State Academy o Toi

whakahaere Pūnaha reo Āhuatanga

(Whakahaere Podkopaev, MI Pūnaha o Pātai te mahi waiata // Mātauranga waiata: Aratohu mō ngā kaiako o teitei me tuarua whare mātauranga motuhake Moscow - St. Petersburg, 2003. - S. 80 - 88).

Ko tētahi o nga mahi matua, me te mīharo e te natura farii tangata he kupu paraparau, i roto i ngā, i tona ahua motuhake - waiata kupu waiata (te wā e whakamahia ana ina whakaaro te waiata tītohunga i te hi'oraa o te Pātukitukinga Acoustics ranei) ranei.

Kei te mohiotia te reira e te mahi reo, hanga he wāhanga tangi o te kupu waiata, e kore kikokiko motuhake pūnaha okana, i roto i te tikanga tino taea te huaina whēkau o phonation. Hoki tenei mahi whakamahi i te tangata he romahā, horomia, arā, mana te tikanga tuatahi mō te matua me te ake nui i roto i te uara koiora o te mahi; phonation mahi ratou rite te mea i te aituā. Ko te huinga o enei tinana mo te wa roa i huaina te taputapu waiata. Last hoki te kaiwaiata ko kore anake te mea o tona mahi ngaio, engari ano hoki te ahanoa o mana ako tika i roto i te tukanga o te whakangungu waiata. I teie mahana torutoru tautohetohe te tuhinga e mohio o nga parau tumu tūāpapa nga mahi o te taputapu waiata, ko tetahi o nga tikanga e tika ana mō te mahi angitu i runga i tona hanganga. tonu i roto i ona "School o te himeneraa" (1840) i tuhituhi A.Varlamov: "I roto i te tikanga ki te tae i te waiata whakangungu kore pohehe, me niu koe i te reira i runga i te ite mau o te romahā me te tikanga waiata, me te utu i te ture taketake o tonu whaiaroaro tinana."

Ko te tikanga, fakakaukau kikokiko, me te whaiaroaro o te taputapu waiata, kaiwaiata, riro ākonga hei wāhanga o te huringa kaupapa o pekanga taketake - he akoranga o tikanga waiata. I roto i te hōtaka wā poto wahi, me riro ākonga, me te whakawhenumi i te rota o te taunakitanga i anatomy, whaiaroaro, Acoustics, me te whiwhi i te whakaaro o te hanganga me ngā tauira o te mahi o te taputapu waiata. I te wa ano, kia rite ki nga whāinga o hanganga o te ngaio mātauranga, me te tohu i te kounga o tenei matauranga, rawa, ki te hono i te kaiwaiata tona mahi ki te ako. E ai ki te iho, hanga te ako o tenei wāhanga o te marautanga e i te tirohanga o puāwaitanga (okana) whaiaroaro, falala ki huarahi hanganga, me te tātari. Ki te tona tūranga kua tuku iho i tirohia te tinana tangata rite te kohinga o ngā tinana, neural ngā me humoral (hormonal) ture. Tetahi pukapuka i runga i anatomy, whaiaroaro, me ētahi atu hanga i runga i te parau tumu o te okana, a ngā wāhanga i runga i takitahi pūnaha kikokiko - ara, Cardiovascular, romahā, uaua, endocrine, me ētahi atu I muri i tenei ōritetanga, mai whakaaro te wa M.Garsia taputapu waiata te ki ngā o te wāhanga e whai ake nei: "generator" o tangi - laryngeal here-hoki (resonator) o te - o te pharynx, te kōhao nasal ki te sinuses paranasal, te "pūngao" o te pūrere - te pukorokoro, bronchi, pūkahukahu , uaua romahā, whēkau wahapū - mangai. arero, niho, ngutu, pakeke, me te mangai ngohengohe. I roto i tenei take, kī reira e "nga wahi katoa, me mahi o te whakahaere e hono, ka whakaritea e te pūnaha io pokapū" (faahitihia i roto i. Dmitriev LB, Telelyaeva LM, SL, etc. Taptapova phoniatrics me fonopediya .. - M., 1990 P.20) .. Ko te aha e tahoê kore e enei tinana i pū phonational me no ki rerekē pūnaha kikokiko, integrated i roto i te whakahaere, he aha e nga huarahi o taua rōpū, me te ki te whakarite i te tapatahi o te mahi o te taputapu waiata? whakautu huarahi Organic me hanganga ki enei pātai e kore e. I roto i tenei horopaki, tono o tenei tikanga ki te ako o te reo he iti, me te ahua maiorooro mo te take e pā ana i roto i tenei take (waiata) mahi iti noaiho te hanganga o ngā ākonga te whakaatu i te whakahaere pipiri o te taputapu waiata.

He huarahi faufaa hou ki te māramatanga o te mahi whaiaroaro o te huarahi pūnahanaha postulated, pera i roto i nga tau tata nei, whānui me te whakamahia i roto i te tikanga o te pūtaiao. Ko te whaiaroaro o te huarahi pūnahanaha e hāngai ana i runga i te ariā o ngā pūnaha mahi (i runga i TPS) whakawhanakehia pia IP Pavlova - academician PK Anokhin a riro he whanaketanga hou i roto i te mahi kua tona tauira - academician KV Sudakova.

Ka rite ki te whakamātau kaupapa whakaako i roto i te tari waiata o te Voronezh State Academy o Toi i te kaituhi o tenei mahi ko te whakamātau ki te whakauru i ngā āhuatanga o TPS rite te pūtake huarahi o te whakaako technique waiata ki te huarahi pūnaha. Ko te whāinga matua i roto i tenei mahi ko ki te whakaako i te whakaaro auaha ngā ākonga, tetahi o nga āhuatanga tino nui o e he nahanaha.

I roto i tenei pepa te whakawhāiti tatou tatou ki e whakamārama i roto i ngā whānui te wheako o te tono i te tikanga taketake o te pūnaha TPS ki te ako o te mau parau tumu o te faanahonahoraa o te reo (waiata) mahi te tangata.

Engari o whaiaroaro puāwaitanga o whekau, e whai ake nei te mau parau tumu o te anatomy), ta TPS mahi whakahaere pūnahanaha. PKAnohin tuatahi ka whakatata whakarongo ki te meka e te pūnaha o ngā kaiao ora, e kore e whakarite tika te āhuatanga takitahi i roto i roto i a ratou, a ka whakakotahi ratou i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi i etahi hua raima o ngā mahi, ara ki te kawe i roto i etahi mahi faufaa. Na reira, e karangatia mahi taua pūnaha. E ai ki Anokhin, te pūnaha i te whaiaroaro o te huinga o tinana e pā ana mahi motuhake. No reira, te hua o nga mahi o te whakahaere pūnaha fakatahai wāhanga takitahi ki te katoa, a ko te kupu ārahi i te tauwehe tapahanga. Ko reira ki te whakatutuki i tetahi hua tāpiri pūnaha mahi (FS).

Reo mahi, rite tahi atu mahi katoa tangata, e hāngai ana i runga i te whakahaere pūnahanaha. Ko te tūnga tuatahi o te tikanga o te whakahaere nahanaha o ngā mahi reo whakamahia matou nga haapiiraa taketake o te TPS. Te riroraa noa ki te pūnaha kōnae katoa o te tinana, he angamaheni mo te FS phonation me te kupu waiata ratou. I roto i te whānui, i te ihirangi o te'oua taketake o TPS te whakaiti ki te whai ake. Organization o kaiao FS katoa kua te taua momo o hanganga, i te mea angamaheni mo te FS phonation. I tēnei hanganga ngā he kōpuku pokapū me ngā wāhanga piringa me ngā whakaritenga:

hua y o te mahi kia rite ki te hononga FS ārahi (ona "kāri") - te tahi mea mo i hanga nga FS;

āhuatanga kōwae-te whiwhi Y (tawhā) o nga hua tutuki o mahi - receptors hua;

Y takere urupare e te tuku mōhiohio ki te pūnaha io pokapū e pā ana ki te hua o te mahi me te tawhā o tenei hua, e āhei te tinana kia rite ki te katoa ki te aromatawai i te tohu o te angitu, me te kounga o ona mahi;

Y hono FS pokapū, tuku tona mahi ruruku, me te tohu i te rōpū o ngā huānga o ngā taumata rerekē o te pūnaha io pokapū;

Y FS tikanga whakahaere.

Ko te hua tuatahi o te mahi e rite ana te take i FS phonation me korero waiata ko te hanganga o te ara reo o te tohu oro, e te kaimahi rite te pūtake kua hoki mutunga mahi - waiata takitahi phonemes reo waiatatia kupu, kīanga. Ka rite ki prefinite, me nga mahi hua mutunga FS i te maha o ngā taurangi motuhake, arā, Ko mnogoparametrichnymi. Etahi o ratou kawe kōrero e pā ana ki te hanganga o te reo oro (tawhā acoustic) - teitei, te mana hanganga spectral (aroaro ranei ngaro o te formant waiata tiketike iti, me te / ranei, etc). Ētahi atu tawhā ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te hanganga tangi phonemic - artikulyayurnye (ranei kinesthetic) tawhā. He tata hono ki te tawhā acoustic, tukua te whakamutunga ki te wehewehe me te whakaahua i te wāhi me te tikanga o te mātauranga tangi, arā whakatau āhuatanga o te whakahua o oro me orokati.

He mea nui ki te mōhio e te hua o te tawhā rerekē e kore anake i waenganui i te reo reo me te waiata, engari ano hoki i roto i te ngā momo waiata - waiata mātauranga, pakū waiata, iwi waiata, me ētahi atu Kua whakaritea ngā tawhā katoa i te hua o te mahi o ngā tukanga whaiaroaro, me te Biophysical e whakarite tona paetae, ara: 1) phonation, e whakarato ana whakatupuranga reo me tona hanganga acoustic hāngai, me 2) wahapū, e whakarato ana te mātauranga, me te tangi te kupu te tāutu hanganga tangi phonemic. Fakatatau ki ai whakaritea me rua pūnaha mahi - FS FS phonation me te wahapū.

Ko te kupu i reira ko te roopu whiriwhiri o ngā whēkau, me te kopa, e no ki rerekē pūnaha kikokiko i roto i te FS tika. Te whakaurunga o ngā whēkau, i tahi e huaina te taputapu waiata, e hāngai ana te FS waiata kei runga i te parau tumu o whiriwhiri whakakotahi i ngā whēkau FS. kia whakamahi I roto i tenei take, kia no te tinana kotahi ki FS maha, i roto i te tua, he momo o PS PS ranei kotahi pūnaha (rite i roto i te take o te reo FS) ki te whakatutuki i ngā putanga mana rerekē ranei te taua. I roto i tenei whakaaro, whai wāhi tetahi okana o te taputapu waiata i roto i tokomaha o nga mahi e pā ana ki phonation, a i roto i tenei tikanga ko multifunctional. Tei runga i te aronga i roto i nei te FS pūnaha ranei ngā te okana o te taputapu waiata, ki te whai i te reira whakaritenga rerekē, engari ko te faufaa o te whiwhi anake aua āhuatanga e faaite te reira iho i roto i te FS.

Mai i tenei tirohanga, tetahi, me te tinana kotahi i roto i te rerekē kupu waiata FS riro ngā āhuatanga motuhake. Hei tauira, kei te whakaurua te pukorokoro me bronchi i roto i te FS zvukogeneratsii mahi atu mahi, kia rite ki whakaritea ki te pukorokoro taua a ngā bronchi i roto i te respiration phonational FS. Ranei hipi waiata tino rerekē whakaatu ona āhuatanga mahi, ngā, hei tauira, i roto i te pūnaha kōnae o te ngō, te wahi faaite mai ratou fonemoobrazuyuschaya mahi, ranei FS zvukogeneratsii, te wahi mahi ratou rite te puna o te pūngao oro. Waihoki, ko nga uaua romahā wahi o FS rerekē e pā ana ki phonation, ara, FS manawa phonational mahi ratou i te mahi whāhauhau me FS tikanga wahapū whai wāhi i roto i te tohuhononga.

FS phonation tīpakongia ngā neural me ngā taumata ture hormonal. Tata te kupu whakaatu ana te ahurei "faanahoraa", tīpakongia arā o thyroid endocrine, gonads me repe adrenal. aroaro tikanga Nervous whakaurunga whiriwhiri o ngā pokapū karere.

Kei te tīpakongia ngā ia huānga i roto i te phonation FS. te pāhekoheko ki ētahi atu āhuatanga o te pūnaha, ka āta whai wāhi ki te whakatutukitanga o te hua whakamutunga o tona FS. i te ingoa taua tūemi pāhekoheko FS i TFS vzaimosodeystviya (PKAnohin). Vzaimosodeystviya wāhanga whakaratohia e te aroaro here nutrisistemnyh me tautuhi ano tukanga vzaimosodeystviya pūnaha ture.

Tetahi pūnaha kōnae, tae atu i te pūnaha kōnae o reo, ko te pūnaha whaiaro-ture. whakarite whaiaro-ture i roto i te FS e te wae mana whakahaere, te arotake i te hua whakamutunga. I roto i tenei taputapu ko te hua o iteraa nga tawhā o te hopearaa karere piringa - receptors, muia i roto i te taputapu waiata, a distantly i ia. ngā mōhiohio whakawaeheretia e pā ana ki te hua tutuki e te receptor tawhā tomo te pokapū io tika (uho, pūnaha limbic whakarato wāhanga aronganui o korero, me te waiata, te pokapū o te medulla oblongata). I runga i te mea tīpakongia te mōhiohio riro i roto i te ngā FS o te reo, me te korero waiata tauira o ngā taumata rerekē o te pūnaha io pokapū mō te faaohiparaa okana me ngā pūnaha (Reaction taputapu) whakahaere. Na roto i te āhua o te kōrero riro i roto i te pūnaha io pokapū o te receptors wahi omoe i wehewehe i te iti rawa e rima momo o te tūtohutanga: māna, vibratory (he, rite whakaaturia V.P.Morozovym, āhua kōwaro), uaua, whāhauhau (pēhanga hau meinga i roto i te ara te kōwarotanga, me te mahi o nga uaua romahā), ataata. I roto i te moni, te whakarato ratou he huinga motuhake o te waiata sensations me tirohanga e pā ana ki te mahi i roto o te taputapu waiata, rite mea ratou, kua hanga e i roto i te hinengaro o te kaupapa waiata, me te tinana o te kaiwaiata ranei - takitahi pūnaha sensations ā e puta ina waiata phonation. Ki te awhina o te kaiwaiata kau katoa o te mana o tona hanganga tangi. Pehea rite i ahau R.Yusson. "Nga ahua o te tūāhua waiata mahia e motuhake taiawhio waiata-i'o, te aroaro o nei i roto i te tahuri stabilizes te hangarau" (3. p. 109).

Ko te kupu, ko te pūnaha Tārewa ko he mīhini reo (pera-ka karanga "analyzer waiata" kaiwaiata) mahi mahi hi'opo'araa, me te ture. I roto i tenei take, kei te ārahi FS phonation me korero waiata te hongere urupare: he ratou, rite i whakaaturia i roto i V.P.Morozova, waiata i te hangarau te kōwarotanga ko te hongere wiriwiri nei maua e mōhiohio whakamuna e pā ana ki te mahi o nga resonators waiata e iti rawa pea ki te mamae i masking pānga awenga waho (tikanga mahi acoustic, me ētahi atu).

He whakarato nui o TFS he uara mahi mō te ako waiata, ko te pātai e pā ana ki te aroaro o te kōwae mana FS. Tenei ko reira hira ki te muri. Ko te phonation FS i roto i ona tari pokapū - te roro kua he corticosubcortical matatini hanganga io e tohu ana i te mīhini matapae ( "whakatauira whakamua") me te aro mātai o te hua tutuki. Tenei kōwae ( "acceptor o hua o te mahi" e Anokhin), "patanga" nga āhuatanga whakamutunga o te hua, whakatau te whai huanga, me te te whai huatanga o te kōwhiringa hōtaka e hāngai ana ki te whakatutuki i te hua mutunga, ka e tuku whanonga o te tangata i roto i whakarite tūturu tomo i te pūnaha io pokapū o takere te mōhiohio urupare e pā ana ki te tawhā o te hua tutuki. Hangaia e te reira i te ahua o "image" o te ūnga, i pā ana te kaiwaiata ki resonators mahi mōrahi me te urupare hongere, e whakaata ana tenei mahi - wiri (resonator) sensations (Morozov, 2002, 2008). He tūranga tuatahi i roto i te hanganga o te taputapu o te matakite me te aro mātai o te hua whakamutunga he whānuitanga o paerewa oro kaiwaiata waiata i roto i te pāhekoheko waiata-kaupapa o te kaiako me te ākonga. Hoki o te faufaa rahi e i roto i te wawe pūrere haamaitairaa tika i hanga i roto i te ako pūkenga waiata kaiako ako waha e hāngai ana hanga he tikanga waiata kōwaro rite te pai kia rite ki te aroaro o te hihiri whakahuatia o te kaiwaiata i runga i te hinganga, ko te tikanga waiata kōwaro whakaratohia e te toi hakari o te waiata.

utua nui aro i roto i te ako o te FS architectonic korero waiata te ki nga tikanga whakahaere o te reo, e tohu ana i te huinga o kaikōrero me tukanga whaiaroaro, e hāngai ana ki te whakatutuki i te hua FS hopea, me te whakarite i te mau huru ngaio e tika ana waiata reo e hāngai ana ki te tawhā o te paerewa waiata mātauranga. O te faufaa rahi i roto i te ako o te actuators ko nga rangahau taketake R.Yussona, Fanta, Sundberg. L.B.Dmitrieva. He wahi motuhake i roto i tenei rohe i roto i tona pūtaiao, me te ariā me te hiranga mahi he mahi e mahi e pūtaiao kāinga - ahorangi me V.N.Sorokinym V.P.Morozovym nei whakaaro e tino i roto i ratou whakawhanakehia ariā - ariā o te kupu (V.N.Sorokin, 1985) me te kōwaro waiata i te ariā o te toi (te .P.Morozov, 2002, 2008). Ko o faufaa rahi Last mō te mahinga waiata, me te waiata-kaupapa mahi. Te kōwarotanga ariā o te waiata tahi me te ariā o ngā pūnaha mahi radically te huri tirohanga e pā ana ki te āhua o te actuators me mahi o te taputapu waiata.

Ko te actuators matua whakarato kupu waiata, he phonation me te wahapū e E whakaratohia ana ki te FS mahi. Ko te kupu, ngā enei pūnaha i roto i tona hanganga te taua wāhanga whakahaere piringa, engari i taumata rerekē o te ture pokapū. pūtake Biophysical o katoa o nga actuators o te pūnaha, ko te reo-te kōwarotanga tikanga. E urupare Ko te piriti i waenganui i phonation me te wahapū he pūtake zvukogeneratsii, a roto i te huringa o aratau mahi me resonators acoustic kei roto i te tikanga mana rangi, me te huru ture rēhita paeoro me ngā tikanga tembroobrazovaniya hāngai ana. whakarite ana tēnei e te aroaro i roto i te ara te kōwarotanga FS phonation puka motuhake o urupare i waenga i nga resonators me nga puna o wiri acoustic he kaikōrero (kōwaro) natura.

Tenei urupare oro taea ki a koe tahuri nga tikanga tiaki o te paeoro (te mahi paruru o te resonators Morozov), me te whakahaere i tona mahi, te whakaiti mānukanuka nui o nga uaua laryngeal (taea te tautuhi tenei resonators mahi rite te mahi kaiawhina o te tauturu English -. Āwhina, tokoni).

He āhuatanga motuhake o te taputapu omoe i rite te pūnaha o te whakahaere, ko te aroaro o whakamua me te whakamuri hononga i waenganui i te wāhanga whakahaere o te pūnaha (paeoro, kōwhao, manawa) natula multimodal (acoustic, whāhauhau, neuro-pūpū) (Morozov. 2002, 2008). Ko te aroaro o whakamua me te whakamuri hononga e rua poutū (i waenganui i te whakahaere pokapū, me te mana me te whakahaere wāhanga) me whakapae (i waenganui i ngā mema o te pūnaha e hāngai ana i runga i nga mea timatanga vzaimosodeystviya parau tumu o te tari whakahaere - te paeoro, resonator romahā) whakatau te mahi o te FS o te reo me te kupu waiata rite pūnaha integrative matatini. Tetahi, tae atu pānga ako tauhohe reira rite te katoa, me te pānga i runga i tetahi o ona wahi kitea tonu i roto i te tahi atu. (Morozov, 2002, 2008)

mutunga

1. He reo mahi me te kupu waiata e pā ana tata (waiata), me ētahi atu mahi katoa o te tangata, he whakahaere pūnaha ko te hua mutunga o te mahi o motuhake pūnaha phonation mahi, i te mea he huringa, he whakahaere whaiaro-ture, tīpakongia te whakakotahi ngā whēkau me ngā taumata o te ture io me humoral ki te tae tona hua whakamutunga - i te hanganga o te wāhanga tangi korero waiata - reo, kupu waiata rite wae ā puka ní kuo tuku mahi tino pai o te waiata phonation, nga tawhā hāngai o te omoe i paerewa mātauranga (atu momo waiata ranei) me te whakarato ngaio reo kounga waiata.

2. Ka taea te tāutuhia e te FS waiata pūnaha āhua motuhake engari te kōtuitui, e he wāhanga matua o tikanga effector whakahaere o te korero waiata - tuku o "taonga" o te reo - puna hau o wiri acoustic, zvukogeneratsii, wahapū. Ki te huarahi pūnaha, te marama refracted i roto i te ariā waiata kōwaro riro whakarōpū hē o te paeoro ki te pūnaha "generator" (tari) o te taputapu waiata. he pono rawa katoa te resonator wahi wahi waiata, me te paeoro he anake te tetahi o te pūngao oro i te whakamutunga e tika ana ki te puoro rere o te hau wiriwiri hipi waiata.

3. pūrere reo - te reira noa te tūemi FS e te kaimahi rite te whakahaere (effector) waeine o te pūnaha.

4. Ko te parau tumu ao o te FS o te tinana, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki to ratou mōhiotanga o te hanganga whānui me ngā āhuatanga ko te ahua o "kī" mo te hanga o te FS o te reo, me te korero waiata, makona architectonic FS tenei me ona pūnaha ihirangi hāngai.

5. Tono o te mau parau tumu o te ariā o ngā pūnaha mahi i roto i te ako o ngā tauira o te mahi waiata i roto i te tikanga akoranga, e whakaaturia wheako kua, whakatairanga reira te whanaketanga o ngā pūnaha whakaaro 'ākonga me hātepe motuhake i roto i te hanga o te mahi hinengaro, me te te āhua tumu o te hanganga o ngā whakaaro hou e pā ana ki te mahi o te pūnaha o te reo me te kupu waiata rite te functionally integrated katoa.

tuhinga

1. Phoniatrics me fonopediya / Dmitriev LB, LM Telelyaeva, Taptapova SL, Ermakova II - M., Medicine, 1990.
2. Morozov VP Koe waiata kōwaro. Fundamentals o te kōwarotanga ariā me te tikanga. - Moscow, 2002 (2nd ed -. M., 2008).
3. VN Sorokin Ko te ariā o te hanga kupu. - Moscow, 1985.
4. Yusson R. waiata reo. - Moscow, 1974.