Whakaōritenga - Ko ... Pākoki whakaōritenga. momo rapataumata

Whakaōritenga - he ahua o inenga geodetic. Ki reira, e te kimi tatou i te wahi tiketike whanaunga o nga ngā ngā o mata te whenua. Ka rite ki ai te taumata tikanga i roto i taua inenga tango taua taonga tūturu pērā i awa, moana, ngā moana, mara, ranei te tahi atu timatanga. Hono mo'oní, whakaōritenga - te whakamāramatanga o ngā uara nui rawa te mata o ia whakahe i runga i te (tohutoro) homai. E hiahiatia taua inenga ki te hanga i te ako tika o te wāhi te tauturu. I roto i te heke mai, kei te whakamahia ēnei raraunga i roto i te faaineineraa o mahere pae, mahere, mō ngā tono motuhake ranei.

He aha e nga momo rerekē o te rapataumata?

Ka taea te kawea taua inenga i na ngā tikanga, taputapu rerekē hangarau ranei whakamahia. Kia kite tatou he aha e nga momo matua o te whakaōritenga. E rima tikanga te tino noa: he āhuahanga, pākoki, barometric, mīhini me te hydrostatic papa inenga. More mohio ki ia o ratou.

whakaōritenga wairua

Ki tenei tikanga ruri, te whakamahi i nga whenua he tereina motuhake, me te pūrere whakaōritenga āhuahanga. pihinga parau tumu ko ki te tāuta huapae ki nga whiu me wehenga i roto i te wāhi e hiahiatia ana e tata ana te mata te ako. I muri i taua, mā te whakamahi i te kurupae kitenga whakapae, whanganga teitei rerekētanga. whakamana whakaōritenga āhuahanga te rite ki te parau tumu "i te waenganui" "atu" ranei. I roto i te tikanga ine i roto i te ngā tuatahi e rua o te mata eke kākaho, he equidistant i waenganui ia ratou i te pūrere i te tawhiti. Ko te hua rangahau he raraunga rawa tetahi kōwae i runga i te tahi atu. Ko te tikanga tuarua ko te aronui - kotahi wae me kotahi whatanga. Ko te noa tino enei tikanga o te whakaōritenga. Kua whakamahia ratou i roto i te hanga o e rua taonga iti (whare) nui (piriti) ranei.

whakaōritenga pākoki

I roto i tenei momo o ine mahi ko reira noa ki te whakamahi i ngā pūrere goniometric motuhake, e te hunga kua huaina karu matai. Ki te a ratou, tango mōhiohio e pā ana ki te koki o te tokonga ake o te kurupae reticle e haere i roto i te rua o ngā tīmatanga i runga i te mata. rapataumata whānui pākoki whakamahia i roto i te inenga matawhenua ki te whakatau i te rerekētanga teitei o rua ahanoa i te hunga i te tawhiti nui i ia atu, engari te mea whatu i roto i te rohe o te aritanga.

mata ruri Barometric

whakaritea he tikanga inenga i runga i te hau o te pēhanga kōhauhau i runga i te wahi tiketike o te wāhi mata rānei te - whakaōritenga Barometric. whakamana ana te tukanga pānui kei te whakamahi i te inenga. Me tango tenei pūnaha whakaōritenga ki pūkete he maha o whakatikatika ki te pāmahana rangi tūturu, tona haumākū. Kua kitea i tēnei tikanga tono i roto i ngā wāhi mamao (hei tauira i roto i ngā āhuatanga maunga) i rerekē haerenga matawhenua, me te arowhenua.

Mechanical (hangarau) mata ine

whakaōritenga Hangarau whai wāhi te whakamahi o te pūrere motuhake - mīhini rapataumata. Mā te reira e kawea whakataki i te kōtaha o te rohe ako i roto i te aratau aunoa mā te kōpae waku, e tuhi te tawhiti hipoki, me te paramu i whakaritea, e tautuhi te poutū. Kei te nuinga eke te pūrere pērā i runga i te waka, me te haere i tetahi ira tautuhia ki tetahi. whakaōritenga Hangarau ki te whakatau i te rerekētanga teitei i waenganui i nga ahanoa ako, te tawhiti i waenganui i a ratou, me te kōtaha o te whenua, whakaritea nei i runga i te photowire motuhake.

Ine Hydrostatic mata

whakaōritenga Hydrostatic - he tikanga e hāngai ana i runga i te parau tumu o te mahi o oko kōrero. Ka mau i tenei tikanga whakamana e te pūrere hydrostatic, e whakahaere ki te hapa o runga ki te rua mitamano. huihui te taua te whakaōritenga i te rua o ngongo karaihe tuatihia e te ngongo, ki tonu te pūnaha i te wai. Ko te tukanga inenga ko e whai ake - te ngongo piri ki nga huapae i runga i nei tono i te tauine e. I muri i taua takai e tāuta huri noa nga taonga o ako, kia rite ki nga wehenga tohu te uara ā-tau o te rerekētanga o te taumata e rua. Tenei hoahoa he drawback nui, ara te herenga o te whānuitanga ruri, tautuhia nei i te roa ngongo.

Ko te tikanga whakaahuatia o te rapataumata (anake aunoa) he tino māmā, me te kore e rapua e te matauranga motuhake o mea i te operator, na kei te whānui e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga, me te tahi atu rāngai o te ōhanga.

akomanga inenga

Atu tikanga o te hanga inenga, e taea te wehea te whakaōritenga ki ngā akomanga o te tika. Ka hāngai ia o ratou ki tetahi momo me te tikanga o te mōhiohio tiki. Fakakaukau ki he me'a ko nga akomanga whakaōritenga.

1. whakaaro te piha haapiiraa tuatahi te ki kia tino tika. hāngai te reira ki te hapa rms matapōkere o 0.8 mitamano ia kiromita me pūnahanaha, he 0.08 mm / km.
2. Kei te whakaaro ano hoki te piha haapiiraa tuarua ki te kia tino tika. Heoi, ko paku teitei te hapa - te hapa rms he 2.0 mm / km, a pūnahanaha - 0.2 mm / km.
3. Te piha haapiiraa tuatoru. hāngai te reira ki te hapa tapawha toharite o 5.0 mm / km, a pūnahanaha waiho.
4. kōeke tuawha. hāngai te reira ki te hapa tapawha toharite, i te mea e rite ana ki te 10.0 mm / km, e kore e tangohia ano te pūnaha ki pūkete.

Tei runga i te āhuatanga o te huinga whenua me te tuhi mahi kia whakamahia ai ngā tikanga o ngā raraunga tuhi. Hei tauira, te taparau, haere rārangi whakarara i te rapataumata te mata o te tapawhā ranei. Ko tino rongonui te tikanga o muri, kei te whakamahia whānuitia reira mo te tango o ngā raraunga i te wāhi nui tuwhera ki wāhanga iti ripeka i roto i te teitei. Kia whai whakaaro ano tatou i te reira i roto i te kōrero atu.

He rärangi o te tapawhā

Rapataumata te mata o tenei tikanga whakamana i roto i te tikanga ki te whiwhi ngā wāhi nui-tauine mahere matawhenua mania. whakaritea tūnga maeneene o te ngā e whakapanga nekehanga theodolite. He teitei - i inenga āhuahanga mā te whakamahi i te whakaōritenga hangarau. Ka taea te whakamana te tukanga o te pānui raraunga i roto i ara e rua rerekē: e te rapataumata Pads neke ki te wehenga āta o ngā whānuitanga me tapawhā.

Rapataumata tapawhā mahi mā te whawhati i runga i te whenua i te tikanga o te rīpene ruri me te theodolite (mata ki e rua tekau mita taha pūtau) ka whanganga i runga i te tauine o te 1: 500 me 1: 1000, e wha tekau mita - ka pihinga i 1: 2000, me te rau mita i 1: 5000.

I te wa ano i hanga reira whakatika i te āhuatanga o te rohe ako me te whakahuahua unu. whakamana ana tēnei tukanga e te taua tikanga rite i roto i te rangahau theodolite. I tua atu ki te tihi o ngā pūtau, i runga i te whenua āhuatanga whakaritea o tūemi te tauturu - me-ira: te runga, me te raro o te maunga, me te mata raro o te poka, te wāhi i runga i te raina o te pā auroa e me te wai kei me etahi atu.

hanga pihinga pūtake e whakapanga i runga i nga rohe i waho o nga tapawhā mātiti me irava whakaōritenga theodolite, e e ka piri ki nga ngā o te whatunga kāwanatanga kotahi. Teitei me ngā, me nga akitū o te pūtau whakaritea e te tikanga o te whakaōritenga āhuahanga. Ki te te taha ki tapawha e wha tekau mita te roa, me te iti iho ka tamata kotahi teihana ki te hanga i te inenga o ngā tautuhi katoa. Ko te tawhiti i te pūrere ki te here e kore e nui ake 100-150 mita. Ki te te taha o te tapawha te rau mita te roa, i roto i nei take whakanohoia te taumata e i te pokapū o ia pūtau. E ai ki te rangahau rohe mara mā te rapataumata tapawhā ake te moheni me aratau inenga.

Magazine me te whakahuahua o te whakaōritenga o te tapawhā

Ko te moheni tomo raraunga i runga i te rahi o te cubicle, mātiti putunga ki te tutei i te mau irava (ako geodetic). I tua atu, i te tohua here ki te rohe ahanoa - nga ngā roto, pukepuke, me te pera i runga i. Hoki tuhipoka o, i te mea kawea tūranga rapataumata te whenua. Ko te whakahuahua o te hua tiki tomo o ia o nga tapawhā. I te tihi me te wāhi pai o ia pūtau e tohua e te Unuhia pānuitanga taha pango (i roto i mita), me te teitei tātai. whakamana ana tēnei tātai e te mea whakapae. whakaritea nga wahi tiketike o nga akitū o te pūtau kei te rite te rerekētanga i waenganui i te taputapu me te pae i te pānui kaimahi teihana.

I roto i te tikanga ki te whakahaere i te mata o te tukanga ruri mo nga akitu e rua rapataumata pūtau mahi ki teihana e rua rerekē. Hōtaka o ngā rauemi i whiwhi mā te tango i te raraunga mata tīmata ki whakatika te papa o nga taunga o ngā ōrite kāwanatanga ahanoa whatunga anga kōpiko pihinga tika (theodolite te whakaōritenga-whiu), me ngā, me akitū o te āhuatanga tapawhā.

tikanga tono

A, no te rapataumata te rohe o te ara tono theodolite me te whakaōritenga akoranga, pakaru iho ki ngā whānuitanga, nuku apu i nga rārangi āhuatanga tūturu o te rohe, pērā i tuna watersheds ranei. A, no te kia pakaru taua pepa, me ngā whānuitanga māsila katoa e wha tekau mita ka pihinga i 1: 2000, me te rua tekau mita ka aua tānga i runga i te tauine o te 1: 1000, me te 1: 500. Ko te wāhi kōpapa ngā Stingrays me-ira. I roto i te tukanga o te poka ara ana tua kia hanga whakatika i te āhuatanga, me te utu i te whakahuahua. rapataumata pūkete whakaputaina i roto i te moheni. kï hoki, nga tau rangatū o māsila, tauira o huapae taha whero me te pango, me te tawhiti o ngā i te teihana tata. E ai ki nga hua haaputuhia rapataumata mahere matawhenua o te rohe, te hake, me pūkete ahopou o te whenua.

Ko te inenga o te mata kei te pai io kawea atu i roto i ngā wāhi tikanga wāhi mō te mahi i runga i te whakapai ake, me te whakamahere poutū o te rohe. Ka rite ki te tauira, wāhi hoahoa matawhenua e karapoti ana i tetahi whare whenua ranei rohe māra whakarārangitia.

He aha te mea te taumata?

Hei kawe i inenga āhuahanga o te whenua, Kei te whānui i whakamahia i roto i te hanga, whakamahia Taumata whakaaro momo. e, kia rite ki o ratou parau tumu o te mahi, e taea te wehea ēnei mea ki: hiko, taiaho, hydrostatic me optomechanical. karu rawa Taumata katoa ki te hurihuri i roto i te manureva whakapae. Ko te hoahoa hou o te pūrere ruri whakarato utu aunoa mō te tuku i te tūranga whakahaere o te tuaka ataata.

whakaōritenga History

Ko te kōrero tuatahi i tae te tangata hou ki te pupuri i te whakaōritenga, no ki te BC senekele matamua, ara te hanganga o awa hawai i Kariki tawhito me Roma. Ko te tuhinga o mua whakahua te mita wai. Tona tenenga me te whakamahi o te ingoa e pā ana ki te pūtaiao Kariki tawhito Heron o Arehanaria me kaihoahoa Roma Marcus Vitruvius. Ko te pana o te whanaketanga o te te whakatangitangi me ngā tikanga te whakaōritenga ko te hanganga o te karu, he inenga, a ka gradirovaniya he taumata pereti mātiti te whātata. E pā ana ēnei tenenga ki te rau tau th 16-17, tukua ratou tatou ki te whakawhanake i tētahi pūnaha o mata whenua pū shooting.

I roto i Russia i te wa o Pita i whakaturia te toa whatu, i reira i roto i te tahi atu mea hua me ngā taumata, anake, ki te e karangatia e ratou taumata wairua ki te ngongo. Whanaketanga o te whakaōritenga i roto i te awheawhe rave i roto i IE Belyaev. I roto i te wā taua, i reira i nga whakaaro ruri tuatahi, e kua hāngai barometers whakamahia. I roto i te tīmatanga o te rautau tekau mā iwa i reira ko nga taumata pākoki tuatahi, me i hanga to ratou awhina rawa mahi nui-tauine ki te whakatau i te rerekētanga i waenganui i nga taumata o te Azov ko Black Moana, teitei whanganga o Maunga Elbrus. Mā te mea āhuahanga tuhia i roto i te rau tau waenganui-iwa. Na, i roto i te 1847, i whakamahia ratou i roto i te hanga o te Suez. I roto i to tatou whenua, te whakaōritenga āhuahanga o te mata whakamahia i roto i te hanga o te wai me te whenua ara. whakaaro te timatanga o te hanganga o te whatunga tūmatanui motu te ki kia 1871. Na ka timata te mahi i runga i te whakatika me te tāuta o ngā tūemi i mahi rite te pūtake mo te rangahau matawhenua.

Ko te whakamahi o te whakaōritenga

Ko te hua ko te hanga o te whatunga geodetic whakaōritenga kotahi, i te mea te pūtake mō ngā inenga matawhenua, ngā wāhi rerekē o inenga geodetic ranei. Pihinga whānui whakamahia mō te rangahau, me te pūtaiao take: ki te ako o te kaupapa ao crustal rawhi i te moana, me ngā moana oscillations.

Kei te whakamahia hoki te whakaōritenga i roto i ngā raruraru tono e kua pā ana ki te hanga o ngā taonga, whakapanga o kōrero, taputapu, me te pera i runga i .. Hei tauira, he tika hoki te whakawhiti o ngā whakataunga hoahoa i runga i te wahi tiketike, i roto i te tua te rohe inenga, mo te huihui, me te tāuta o ngā hanganga whare . A, no te whakaoti i taua raruraru, te whakamahi i ngā wā katoa i te raraunga whiwhi hoki Surveying. Hoki, tika hoki whakaoti ngā mahi motuhake, te whakamahi i te pūnaha rironga raraunga aunoa. Ko ētahi o ēnei mahi, hei tauira, te hanga me te hanga o te halá. ngā pūoko i roto i te mea whakaōritenga aunoa, eke i runga i kaata reriwe, cars, hua i roto i te kōtaha oti o te rohe ako i roto i te wa ka taea poto.

hangarau hou

Ki te rā, e tika ana ki te whanaketanga tino tere o te pūtaiao me te hangarau mō te whakaōritenga o te mata mā te whakamahi i te momo o hangarau matau-pehea.

1. Taiaho. pānui i te pūtake o ngā tawhā mahi te rohe ki te pūrere taiaho matawai.
2. Ultrasound. Kei te emitting te huānga taketake o tenei pūrere poipoi pūoko ultrasonic.
3. GNSS-hangarau, hono nei te ki te farii i te taunga o nāianei te whakamahi i kōrero amiorangi. whakarato ana tēnei taputapu whakaōritenga pū tiketike rawa.

I roto i te tikanga ki te whakarite whāwhā pai o nui o awa mōhiohio riro i roto i te faaohiparaa i te faahitihia matau-pehea, kua hiahiatia te aroaro o te pūmanawa motuhake e tika ana, e ka kawe i nga mahi e pā ana ki te rokiroki, te whakahaere, te mātakitaki me te tukatuka raraunga.

pūnaha hou rapataumata mō hanga rori

I roto i te hanga hou o te papa kohatu e whakamahia whānuitia pūnaha aunoa. tukua ratou ki a koe te whakahaere i ara hanga mīhini, homai tona tūranga o nāianei. I te wa ano āhuatanga ara te whakaōritenga-auto e pū tiketike o te mahi, tino whakarei ake te kounga o te mata ara hua me te whakaiti wā hanga. tāuta taua whakaaro i runga i pavers, planers, bulldozers, ka tukua hanga tūkino i te hē paninga tawhito, ka tāuta paparanga hou. Ēnei Taumata mana pinakitanga hake o te ara, e whakamana ai e ïa whakapūtā te tawhā hoahoa. Kei te wehea Modern pūnaha inenga mata mō te taputapu ara-hanga ki te maha momo i runga i te hangarau e whakamahia ana rānei.

1. pūrere Ultrasonic ki tau rerekē o pūoko.
2. pūnaha tango Taiaho.
3. E hāngai ana te pūrere i runga i amiorangi GPS-hangarau.
4. Ko te pūnaha e toru-ahu e mahi i runga i te parau tumu o te mea.

Ki te tika, ahakoa te mea kua hiahiatia me te matatini o te āhuatanga o te mahi, e taea te whakamahi tetahi ranei te tahi atu hangarau he whaiaro te whakaōritenga-.