Ko nga waahanga matua o te rererangi. Whakaritea mo te rererangi

Tenenga o te manureva whakaaetia e kore anake ki te kawe i roto i te moemoea tawhito o te taata nei - ki te wikitoria i te rangi, engari ano hoki ki te waihanga i te aratau tere o waka. Rerekē pūangi me airships, manureva iti ti'aturi i runga i te ähua pähekeheke o te rangi, ka taea e haere atea roa i te tere tiketike. Wae o te rererangi ngā o te rōpū hanganga e whai ake nei: he parirau, takere, hiku, taunga taputapu, he pūnaha whakahaere te mana te tipu, ngā taputapu.

parau tumu o te mahi

Rererangi - te rererangi (LA) he taimaha atu ia hau, rite rawa ki te whakato te mana. Ki tenei wahi tino o te rererangi ki te waihanga i te akina tika mō te rere - whakahaere (taraiwa) kaha kei te whakawhanake e i runga i te whenua ranei i roto i whati te pūkaha (hurirere ranei pūkaha jet). Ki te kei te tīwiri e i mua o te pūkaha, kua huaina a reira te hutiraa, a ki te te hoki - e aki ana. Ko te kupu, ko te pūkaha hua te nekehanga paneke o te whanaunga rererangi ki te reo e karapoti ana (rangi). Fakatatau ki ai, neke whanaunga ki te parirau te rangi, me e hanga he ope aranga rite ki te hua o te kaupapa paneke. Na reira, ka taea e te mīhini te pupuri i roto i te rangi anake, ki te te tere rere tetahi.

He aha te mea te ingoa o te rererangi

Kei te tinana o te wahi e whai ake nei:

• Takere - Ko te tinana matua o te rererangi, tūhono ki te parirau katoa (parirau), huruhuru, pūnaha mana, tahuhu, me te tahi atu wāhanga. haaparahihia i te takere te waka, te tira haere (rererangi), taputapu, me te ututaumaha. kia hoki kia whakanohoia te reira (e kore e tonu) wahie, tahuhu, engines, etc .. d.
• Ko te motors whakamahia mō te peia te kaupapa o te rererangi.
• Wing - mata mahi, hangaia ki te waihanga ara.
• hiku poutū hangaia mō te whāwhā, te whakaōrite i me te pūmautanga Anga o te rererangi e pā ana ki te tuaka poutū.
• hiku Whakapae hangaia mō te whāwhā, te whakaōrite i me te pūmautanga Anga o te rererangi e pā ana ki te tuaka whakapae.

Nga parirau me te takere

Ko te wahi matua o te hanganga rererangi - parirau. Hangaia e te reira te tikanga mo te tupuraa o te whakaritenga matua mō ngā whai wāhitanga rere - te aroaro o te anga. Kei te piri ana te parirau ki te tinana (takere), e kia whai i te āhua ngā, engari tae noa ki taea ki iti tō aerodynamic. Ki tenei mutunga, whakarato reira he āhua taka-kaunuku watea.

Ko te wahi mua o te rererangi e whakamahia mō te whakanohonga o nga pūnaha pairatiraa me hihiani. I te muri, ko te pera-ka karanga te hiku. tavini te reira ki te whakarato mana i roto i rere.

Ko te hoahoa o huruhuru

A feruri i te manureva toharite, hanga te wahi hiku o nei rite ki te kaupapa matarohia, angamaheni o te nuinga o ngā tauira hōia, me te harangotengote. I roto i tenei take, ka ki roto i te hiawero whakapae he wahi i whakaritea - stabilizer (i Latin Stabilis, eu) me te turanga - ararewa.

kaimahi te stabilizer ki whakawhiwhi pūmautanga rererangi e pā ana ki te tuaka hake. Ki te mea ka hinga i te ihu rererangi, ka, fakatatau, takere aft, me whakatika ake huruhuru. I roto i tenei take, te pēhanga hau i runga i te hua mata stabilizer runga. hoki i hanga te pēhanga stabilizer (aua, me takere) ki tona tūranga taketake. A, no te ara ake te ihu o te takere o te rere o te hau ka whakanui i te pēhanga ki runga ki te stabilizer mata raro, a ka hoki mai ai ki tona tūranga taketake. whakarato ana tēnei aunoa (kahore he wawaotanga pairati) LA pūmautanga i roto i te manureva wä roa ki te faatura ki te tuaka hake.

Ko te muri o te rererangi hoki ngā te hiku poutū. Waihoki, whakapae, ngā reira o te wahi i whakaritea - te takere, me pūkoro - urungi. Takere homai pūmautanga rererangi nekehanga e pā ana ki tona tuaka poutū i roto i te manureva whakapae. Ko te parau tumu o te mahi ko rite ki te mahi o te fin stabilizer - e whakakotititia patoi ihu takere ki te matau, ki te maui, te pēhanga ki runga ki te matau-ringa piki manureva me hoki takere (me te takere) ki te tūnga o mua.

Ko te kupu, ki te whakapai kanohi ki te rua toki o rere pūmautanga he huruhuru whakaritenga ki. Ko reira ko tetahi tuaka - roa. Hei whakarato i te pūmautanga kaupapa aunoa ki te faatura ki taua tuaka (i roto i te hake manureva) papatohu waka tauihi parirau whakaritea kore whakapae engari i te whanaunga koki ki tetahi ki tetahi kia taua e whakakotititia ana nga pito o te tamahanahana whakarunga. he whakaritenga taua rite te reta «V».

pūnaha whakahaere

papa Mana - wāhanga nui o te waka rererangi mō te whakahaere i te waka rererangi. Ēnei ngā ailerons, urungi, me te teitei. whakaratohia Mana te ki te faatura ki te toki e toru taua i roto i nga rererangi e toru taua.

Ararewa - he wahi muri turanga o te stabilizer. Ki te ngā i te stabilizer o rua taiapa, aua, i reira e rua ararewa e afe maha whakararo ranei, e rua synchronously. Ki reira, ka taea e te pairati te huri i te teitei rererangi rere.

Urungi - he wahi muri turanga o te takere. A, no te te e whakakotititia ana te reira i roto i tetahi ahunga ranei tetahi puta reira kaha aerodynamic e tītaka te rererangi e pā ana ki te tuaka poutū haere i roto i te pokapū o te papatipu i roto i te huarahi i te ritenga i te aronga o te ine o te wira urungi. puta Tītaka rite te roa rite kore e te atekōkiri hoki te wira urungi ki te kūpapa (tūranga kore-e whakakotititia ana), a ka kawe LA i te kaupapa i roto i te ahunga hou.

Ailerons (i French Aile, parirau.) - te wahi matua o te rererangi, i he turanga awhi wahi parirau. E whakamahia ratou mo te mana o te rererangi e pā ana ki te tuaka wä roa (i roto i te manureva hake). Mai te awhi rua parirau, me nga ailerons me rua. mahi ratou synchronously, engari, i roto i te rerekē ki te elevators, e kore e whakakotititia ana ki tetahi taha, me te rerekē. Ki te e whakakotititia ana kotahi aileron te upwardly, te tahi atu ki raro. I te papatohu parirau te wahi iti e whakakotititia ana maha atu ara kaha aileron te, me te wahi whakararo - piki. Na te takere o te waka rererangi huri i roto i te ahunga o te aileron whakaarahia.

engines

Kua rite rawa rererangi katoa ki te pūnaha toko ka taea te whakawhanake i taua tere, a reira whakarato i tētahi ope toronga. kia Engines kia whakanohoia i roto i hoki o te rererangi (angamaheni rererangi jet), te mua (-engine iti waka) me nga parirau (rererangi harangotengote, waka, rererangi).

E wehea ratou ki:

• Urupare - turbojet, pumanawa, rua-iahiko, i roto i-rere.
• Takahuri - kōkeke (hurirere aia), turboprop.
• Pere - wai, mārō.

Ētahi atu ngā pūnaha

O te akoranga, he nui ano hoki te tahi atu wahi o te rererangi. Huriaro tukua rererangi tango atu, me te whenua ki airfields rawa. He amphibians, te wahi e whakamahia hei utu o te tahuhu taritari motuhake - tukua ratou ki a koutou te tango atu, me te whenua i tetahi wahi i reira i reira ko te tinana o te wai (moana, awa, roto). tauira mohiotia o rererangi marama rawa ki faahee, mo te whakamahi i roto i ngā wāhanga ki te taupoki te hukarere pūmau.

Kīkī rererangi Modern ki taputapu hiko, pūrere kōrero me te tuku o te mōhiohio. I roto i te rererangi hōia whakamahi pūnaha patu mātanga, ūnga te hopu me te tohu pehanga.

whakarōpū

Na roto i te whakarite kei te wehea rererangi ki e rua ngā rōpū: ā, me te hōia. Ko te wahi matua o te rererangi pāhihi e āhuatanga e he fale rite rawa mo pāhihi noho he wahi nui o te takere. He āhuatanga motuhake ko te portholes i nga taha o te tinana.

E wehea Civil Aircraft ki:

• Pāhihi - Air rohe, noho tata matua (ngā o iti iho i te 2000 km), te toharite (whānuitanga o iti iho i te 4000 km) te roa (tawhiti o iti iho i te 9000 km) me fakavaha'akonitinēnití (whānui ake atu i te 11 000 km).
• Utanga - Light (taimaha o te utanga ki runga ki te 10 tana), reo (kawenga taimaha ki runga ki te 40 toni) me taimaha (taimaha o te kawenga i runga i 40 toni).
• whakaaro Motuhake - parukore, ahuwhenua, te maramarama (tio reconnaissance, ryborazvedka), ahi-whawhai, mo te whakaahua irirangi.
• Training.

Rerekē te tauira haukāinga, wahi o te rererangi hōia, i piha whakamarie ki portholes. Ko te wahi matua o te takere mau patu pūnaha, taputapu mo te tūhura, kōrero, motors me ētahi atu wae.

Na roto i te whakarite rererangi hōia hou (tae atu ki ngā mahi hōia e mahi ratou) e taea te wehea ki nga momo e whai ake nei: whawhai, rererangi whakaeke, rererangi (pere), reconnaissance, waka hōia, motuhake me whakaurunga pŭpŭ tauturu.

pūrere rererangi

Ko te taputapu o te rererangi, tei runga i te ara iahiko aerodynamic, i nei e hanga e ratou. hoahoa aerodynamic āhuatanga e te maha o ngā āhuatanga taketake, me te whakaritenga o te amo papa. Ki te te ihu o te rererangi i roto i te nuinga o ngā tauira rite, te wāhi me te āhuahanga o nga parirau, me te wāhanga hiawero e taea rerekē whānui.

He nga iahiko e whai ake nei pūrere LA:

• "Puāwaitanga".
• "Flying parirau".
• "Duck".
• "Tailless".
• "Taupiri".
• kaupapa convertible.
• kaupapa ngā.

Rererangi i hanga e te kaupapa puāwaitanga

A feruri i te wahi matua o te rererangi, me o ratou mahi. he angamaheni Puāwaitanga (noa) whakatakotoranga o ngā wāhanga, me huihui mo te nuinga o ngā pūrere te ao, ahakoa hōia harangotengote ranei. Ko te huānga matua - he parirau - mahi i roto i te rere parakore ata e rere pai parirau, me te hanga i te tetahi ope toronga.

Kei te poroa te kopere o te mahi, i te whakaiti i te wāhi e hiahiatia ana (me i konei te papatipu) o te stabilizer poutū. Ko tenei no te mea te ihu o te takere meinga kau Yaw destabilizing e pā ana ki te tuaka poutū o te rererangi. Whakaiti i te takere whakamua te whakapai ake titiro ki te tuakoi mua.

Ko te āhuatanga o te kaupapa tonu ko e whai ake:

• Job hiawero whakapae (HT) me te parirau kōhuri perturbed awa tino whakaiti tona pai, ua titauhia te whakamahi o huruhuru rohe nui (me i konei te papatipu).
• hiku poutū (IN) ki te whakarato i rere pūmautanga kia waihanga i tētahi ope kino anga, arā, whakararo. te whakaiti i tenei te tōtika whānui o te rererangi: te nui o te anga, i hangaia e te parirau, he mea e tika ana ki te tango i pānga, hanga nei i runga i te GO. Me whakamahia wāhi parirau nui haere ki te haamou i tenei āhuatanga (me i konei te papatipu).

pūrere rererangi i runga i te "rakiraki"

Ki tenei hanganga, te wahi matua o te rererangi e whakanohoia rerekē atu i roto i "puāwaitanga" tauira. Tuatahi o te katoa, huringa i hiku rārangi-whakapae. Kei roto i mua o te parirau. I raro i tenei kaupapa, hanga ana vakapuna tuatahi Bratya Rayt.

painga:

• hiku poutū rere i roto i te rere houkura, e faarahi tona pai.
• Ki te whakarite i te pūmautanga o te huruhuru rere hanga he ara pai, arā, kua tapiritia reira ki te hiki o te parirau. Tenei taea ki te whakaiti i tona rohe, me te, no reira, taimaha.
• Natural "antispin" tiaki: te taea o te whakawhiti nga parirau i koki supercritical o whawhai mo te "pārera" waho. whakaturia te stabilizer e na e riro te reira i te koki nui o whakaeke atu te parirau.
• Moving hoki rererangi wāhi ki te whakanui ake te tere ina puta he "rakiraki" ki te tohu iti atu i te whakaritenga puāwaitanga. arata'i tenei ki huringa iti i roto i te tohu o wä roa pūmautanga pateko o te rererangi, i roto i te tahuri, e ohie te whakahaere o ona āhuatanga.

Huakore o te kaupapa "rakiraki":

• Na roto i te ia mutu te rere i runga i te huruhuru puta reira i te rererangi putanga kore anake koki iti o whakaeke, engari ano hoki ona "sagging" e tika ana ki te whakaiti o ona katoa kaha toronga. Ko rawa mōrearea i roto i te whenua tenei no te mea o te pātata o te wakarererangi, me te taunga.
• Te aroaro i roto i te hiku takere whakamua impairs tikanga arotake o te tuakoi o raro.
• Ki te whakaiti i te rohe o te roa mua o GO takere whakamua he nui. faarahi tenei te kau Yaw destabilizing, a, no reira, ki te whakapiki ake i te rohe me te taimaha o te hanganga.

Aircraft hanga i runga i te "tailless"

I roto i te tauira o tenei momo e kore te mea nui, he wahi maheni o te rererangi. Whakaahua o te rererangi "beskhvostok" ( "Concord", "Mirage", "Volcano") whakaatu e whai ratou kahore hiku whakapae. Ko te painga matua o tenei kaupapa ko:

• Whakaiti i te ātete aerodynamic frontal, i te mea nui rawa hoki waka rererangi i tere tiketike, pērā i ina tauihi ana. whakaiti ana tēnei utu wahie.
• parirau nui rigidity torsional e whakapiki i e tutuki nga āhuatanga aeroelastic āhuatanga tiketike o te huri mai.

huakore:

• Hoki whakataurite i roto i te tahi mau aratau rere wahi mechanization autō mata (ngā paki) me te papa mana e tika ana faaapiapi whakarunga, i te whakaiti i te ara whānui o te manureva.
• mana huinga LA te tuaka whakapae, me te roa (e tika ana ki te ngaro o te ararewa), ino roa te reira i te āhuatanga o te whāwhā. Ko te kore o te Huruhuru Manu motuhake hanga he papa mana i runga i te mata hoki o te parirau, ki te kawe i roto i (ki te tika) tiaki me ailerons me elevators. Enei papa mana e huaina elevons.
• Ko te whakamahi o te tikanga pūkaha ki te taurite te rererangi impairs tona te wakarererangi, me te taunga āhuatanga.

"Flying parirau"

Ki tenei kaupapa, i reira he tata kahore wahi o te rererangi pērā i te takere. moni katoa e hiahiatia ana mō te whakanohonga o te waka, ututaumaha, pūkaha, wahie, me te taputapu kei roto i te waenganui o te parirau. He nga painga e whai ake nei tenei kaupapa:

• Ko te tō aerodynamic raro.
• Ko te papatipu iti rawa o te hanganga. I roto i tenei take, taka te papatipu katoa i runga i te parirau.
• Mai te rererangi wä roa rahi iti (e tika ana ki te kore o te takere), he kau destabilizing ki te faatura ki tona tuaka poutū he iti. Tenei taea kaihoahoa ki rānei tino whakaiti i te rohe o IN, whakaputa i roto i o reira ranei (e mohiotia nga manu he ngaro hiawero poutū).

Ko te huakore Ko te whīwhiwhi o te oranga tonutanga rererangi rere.

"Taupiri"

Scheme "taupiri", ka whakaritea e rua nga parirau tetahi i muri i te tahi atu, uaua whakamahia. whakamahia ana tēnei otinga te ki ake i te rohe o te parirau i te taua uara o tona kaha tīwera, me te roa o te takere. te whakaiti i tenei te kawenga motuhake i runga i te parirau. Ko te āhuatanga o tenei kaupapa ko te rou aerodynamic nui, nui haere kau o tūpuku, rawa i roto i te pā ana ki te tuaka hake o te rererangi. I tua atu, mā te whakanui ake i te tere o te rere huri nga āhuatanga o toenga wä roa te rererangi. kia tikanga te urungi mata taua seti kia tika i runga i nga parirau, a ki runga ki te huruhuru.

kaupapa ngā

I roto i tenei take, kia ngā nga wahi wāhanga o te rererangi ki ngā kaupapa hanganga. Hei tauira, hiku whakapae me ngā i roto i te mua, me te takere aft. Ko ratou te whakamahi ai te mana tika pera-ka karanga o kaha ara.

I roto i tenei take, nasal whakapae tahi stabilizers ki te paki whakarato anō ara. te ware kau e whakatika i roto i tenei take, ka whakahaua kia ki ake i te koki o te whawhai (te ihu e takoto ana). Hoki tenei momeniti kua ki te waihanga wāhi ki whakaiti te koki o te whawhai (te ihu makaka) Parry tailplane. Ki te mahi i tenei, kia whakahaua hoki te kaha i runga i te wāhanga hiawero whakarunga. Ko, he nuku anga i te GO whakamua i runga i te parirau, me te hiawero GO (me i konei i runga i te waka rererangi katoa) i waho tahuri te reira i roto i te manureva wä roa. I roto i tenei take, i te manureva e whakatika noa, kahore tetahi kukuwhatanga ki te faatura ki tona pokapū o papatipu. Engari, ka taua whirihoranga aerodynamic o te rererangi e taea te kawe i te reira i roto i te kunenga mai o te pokapū o papatipu i roto i te manureva wä roa, kahore te huri i te trajectory o tona rere.

Te āhei ki te mahi i taua nekeneke tino whakapai ake i te āhuatanga mahi o nukarau rererangi. Rawa i roto i ngā ki te pūnaha mana kaha taha tika, e kore hoki e me whai anake te rererangi i te hiku, a hoki he Huruhuru Manu kopere roa.

kaupapa convertible

rererangi taputapu hangaia e te kaupapa convertible, kitea e te destabilizer i roto i te takere mua. Destabilizers mahi ko ki te whakaiti i ki te whānuitanga etahi, a tae noa te whakakorenga oti o te kaupapa ki muri o te arotahi rererangi aerodynamic i runga i te tikanga whakahaere rere paorangi. faarahi tenei te huri mai o te rererangi (i te mea nui hoki te toa) me faarahi te whānuitanga me te whakaiti kohi wahie (he nui hoki te rererangi pāhihi paorangi tenei).

kia hoki te whakamahi Destabilizer i runga i ngā te wakarererangi / taunga ki te utu i te aratau ruku, meinga nei e ine o te mechanization taunga (ngā paki, te paki) ranei te ihu takere. I te tikanga whakahaere rere subsonic takoto destabilizer i te waenganui o te takere ranei tāuta i roto i te mahi hau vane (noa hāngai te awa).