Ko te pūnaha Westphalian. Ko te tiango o te pūnaha Westphalian me te hanganga o te tikanga hou te ao

pūnaha Westphalian - he tukanga mo te whakahaere o te kaupapa here te ao, whakapumautia i roto i Europa i roto i te rau tau XVII. whakatakotoria te reira i te turanga o whanaunga hou i waenganui i te whenua e rua, ka hoatu whanaketanga ki te hanganga o hou iwi-āhua.

MURI E toru tekau Tau 'War

i hanga e te mana arii Westphalian rite ki te hua o te toru tekau Tau War 1618-1648 gg., I roto i nei whakangaromia te turanga o te tikanga o mua ao. I roto i tenei pakanga i unu reira tata katoa te āhua o Europe, engari i hāngai i runga i te aroraa i waenganui i te Porotetani me nga piriniha Katorika o Germany Tapu Patireia o Roma, e tautokona ana e tētahi atu wahi o nga rangatira Tiamana. I te mutunga o te rau tau XVI, hanga te pūtahitanga o te manga Austria me Spanish o te Whare o Habsburg nga preconditions mo te faaho'iraa mai o te kingitanga o Charles V. Otiia ko reira he tutukitanga ki te motuhake o te ariki Palotisani Tiamana whakaaetia ao Ausburgskim. I roto i 1608 i hanga nga piriniha he Palotisani uniana, tautokona e Ingarangi me France. Roto i te rerekē ki a ia i roto i 1609 i hanga te Katorika League - hoa o Spain me te Pope.

Course o te whawhai 1618-1648 gg.

I muri i nga Habsburgs whakapakari i mana i roto i te Czech Republic, i roto i te meka arata'i ki te tūkino o nga tika o Porotetani i te whakaoho whenua. Friedrich Palatinate - ki te tautoko o te Uniana o te kingi hou Porotetani i pōtitia i roto i te whenua. Mai i tenei momeniti tīmata te wā tuatahi o te whawhai - Czech. Kei te āhuatanga i te reira e te hinga o te ope Porotetani, raupatu o nga whenua o te kingi, te whakawhiti i raro i te mana o te Upper Palatinate i Bavaria, me te te faaho'iraa mai o Katorika i roto i te whenua.

wā Tuarua - Danish, āhuatanga nei i te te wawaotanga o whenua tata i roto i te akoranga o mua. tuatahi ka haere Denmark ki te whawhai i roto i te tikanga ki te hopu i te rohe Paratiki. I roto i tenei wā, te ope anti-Habsburg whakakotahitanga mamae he hinga nui o te Katorika League, a kua takoha Denmark ki te unu i i te whawhai. Ki te whakaekenga o Germany hōia Swedish Gustavian raki tīmata pakanga. tīmata huringa Radical i te wā whakamutunga - i te Franco-Swedish.

te rongo o Westphalia

I muri tomo France te whawhai, ka kitea te painga o te uniana Porotetani, kua arahina tenei ki te hiahia ki te rapu i te ngātahitia i waenganui i nga rōpū. I te 1648 ka hainatia ai te rangimarie o Westphalia, i ngā o rua tiriti, rite i te Congress o Münster me Osnabrück. tuhia e ia he toenga hou o te mana i roto i te ao nei, a mana te mimiti haere o te Tapu Patireia o Roma ki āhua motuhake (neke atu i te 300).

I tua atu, mai i te rangimarie o Westphalia puka taketake o te whakahaere tōrangapū o te hapori riro te "kāwanatanga - te iwi", me te parau tumu tino o whanaunga ao - te mana arii o whenua. whakaaro te āhuatanga fakalotu o te kawenata i whai ake nei: i roto i Germany reira i rite tika mo Calvinists, Lutherans me Katorika.

tu'unga-hau Westphalian

Kua riro na vvyglyadet ona mau parau tumu:

1. Ko te puka o te whakahaere tōrangapū o te hapori - kāwanatanga motu.

2. ōritenga ka hāpaitia e nahanaha mārama o mana - i te kaha ki te ngoikore.

3. Ko te parau tumu matua o whanaunga i roto i te ao - te mana arii o āhua iwi.

4. Ko te pūnaha o te taurite tōrangapū.

5. takoto te āhua kei te ki te maeneene i pakanga ōhanga i waenganui i ona kaupapa.

6. Non-pokanoa i roto i te mau ohipa ā-o whenua ki tetahi ki tetahi.

7. mārama whakahaere o rohe pūmau i waenganui āhua Pākehā.

8. Ko te kore-ao i roto i te natura. I te tīmatanga, ko te ture e whakapumautia te pūnaha Westphalian, mahi anake i runga i te rohe o Europe. Neke atu i te wa, i piri ratou e Eastern Europe, Amerika Te Tai Tokerau me te Mediterranean.

Ko te pūnaha hou o whanaunga ao iriti i roto i te ao, me te tuitui o te ahurea, tohua te mutunga o te taratahi o āhua takitahi. I tua atu, kua arahina reira ki te whakatūnga o te whanaketanga tere o te moni i roto i Europe.

Ko te whanaketanga o te pūnaha Westphalian. atamira 1

Mārama takina multipolarity o te pūnaha Westphalian, ai kore i taea e tetahi o nga āhua whakatutuki inarā tino, me te pakanga matua mō te painga tōrangapū whawhai i waenganui o France, Ingarangi me te Netherlands.
I roto i te kingitanga o "Sun kingi" Louis XIV, ka whakanuia France ona kaupapa ke. I āhuatanga i te reira e te hiahia ki te whiwhi whenua hou, me te pokanoa tamau i roto i te mau ohipa o te whenua i tata.

I roto i 1688, i te pera-ka karanga Grand Alliance, te tūranga matua i roto i i noho te Netherlands, a ka whakapumautia Ingarangi. whakahaua tenei uniana ona mahi ki te whakaiti i te mana o France i roto i te ao. He wahi iti i muri mai ki te Netherlands ko Ingarangi, piri e te tahi atu hoariri o Louis XIV - Savoie, Spain me Sweden. hanga ana e ratou te Augsburg League. Ka rite ki te hua o pakanga, i whakahokia ai tetahi o nga parau tumu matua, i kauwhautia te pūnaha Westphalian - te toenga o te kaha i roto i te whanaunga ao.

Ko te kunenga mai o te pūnaha Westphalian. atamira 2

He he he tipu mana o mua. Kei tēnei whenua i roto i te ngakau o Europe, piri ia te pakanga mo te whakatōpū o te rohe Tiamana. Ki te riro i te mahere Prussia he mooni, i taea e te reira faaino i te turanga ki runga ki i okioki te mana arii Westphalian. I te kaupapa o Prussia tuku i a War o kainga tupu Austria nga Tau whitu '. Kua turakina papā rua nga parau tumu o te ture rangimarie, whakapumautia i muri i te mutunga o nga Tau toru 'War.
Haunga whakapakari i Prussia, nui haere Russia tūranga i roto i te ao. faahoho'a te reira i te whawhai Russian-Swedish.

I roto i te whānui, i te wā hou i roto i nei kua tomo te pūnaha Westphalian te mutunga o nga Tau whitu 'War haamata.

atamira Tuatoru o oraraa o te pūnaha Westphalian

te hanganga o āhua motu haamata i muri i te nui French Revolution. I roto i tenei wā, te āhua ko te tiai o nga tika o ona tangata, kua tohe reira te ariā o "whaitake tōrangapū". Ko tōna tuhinga whakapae matua ko e motu te whenua o e te tika ki te tīariari anake i roto i te take i reira te whakatau ona rohe rohe iwi.

I muri i te mutunga o nga pakanga Napoleonic, te Congress o Vienna i 1815 mo te wa tuatahi ka korero e pā ana ki te hiahia ki te whakakahore pononga, i tua atu, i te take e pā ana ki te faka'atā fakalotu, me te haere noa.

I te wa ano i reira he mau te parau tumu o te tukinga, whakatau e mea he tangata o te kāwanatanga - he he raruraru pono ā-o te whenua tenei. fakatātaa'i tenei i roto i te Conference Berlin i runga i Awherika, a Congresses i Brussels, Geneva me te Hague.

pūnaha Versailles-Washington o whanaunga ao

whakapumautia tenei pūnaha i muri i te Pakanga o te Ao Tuatahi, me te huihui ana o ope i roto i te ao te ao. tae te pūtake o te tikanga hou ao mutu whakaaetanga rite ki te hua o te tihi Paris me Washington. I roto i te Hānuere 1919, te timatanga o tona mahi te Conference Paris. Ko te pūtake o te mau a'oraa i waenganui i te US, France, Britain, Itari me Japan i hoatu "14 ngā" Woodrow Wilson. Me kï reira e i hanga wahi o te pūnaha Versailles i raro i te mana o ngā take tōrangapū, me te hōia-rautaki o toa State i te Ao Tuatahi. I te wa ano wareware te ngākau nuitanga o te whenua patua me te hunga e kua tika puta i runga i te mahere tōrangapū o te ao (Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, me ētahi atu). Tau o ngā tiriti i mana e mimiti haere o nga hau emepera Austro-Hungarian, Russian, Tiamana, me te Ottoman, a ka whakatakoto ana i roto i te anga o te tikanga hou te ao.

Conference Washington

Ture Versailles me whakaaetanga ki Germany, i te nuinga e pā ana nga Hoa ki whenua Pākehā. I roto i te 1921-1922, mahi ia rite te Conference Washington, i kitea te raruraru o te whakataunga pou-pakanga i roto i te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti. wāhi nui i roto i te mahi o tenei Congress takaro te US ko Japan, me te tango ki te pūkete te ngākau nuitanga o Ingarangi me France. I te amuiraa, hainatia matou he maha o ngā tiriti e tautuhi te pūtake o te pūnaha Far Eastern. Ēnei mahi a whakaturia te wahi tuarua o te tikanga hou te ao i raro i te ingoa o te pūnaha Washington o whanaunga ao.

Ko te whakaaro matua o te Hau Amui no Marite i "tatau tuwhera" Japan me Haina. muri ratou i roto i te akoranga o te amuiraa mo te whakakorenga o te uniana o Ingarangi, me te Hapani. Ki te mutunga o te Washington Congress mutu te wāhanga o te hanganga o te tikanga hou te ao. He pokapū o te mana, i i taea ki te whakawhanake i tētahi pūnaha ngā pūmau o whanaunga.

te mau parau tumu Basic me ngā āhuatanga o whanaunga ao

1. Te whakapakari i te ārahitanga o te US, Britain ko France i runga i te scene ao me te whakahāwea i roto i Germany, Russia, Turkey me Bulgaria. Whakaahunga ki te putanga o te whawhai, nga whenua wikitoria takitahi. Tenei këtia te taea o te utu.

2. Tangohanga i US kaupapa here Pākehā. I roto i te meka, karangatia he akoranga i runga i whaiaro wehe-i muri i te kore o te hōtaka B. Wilson "14 ngā".

3. Ko te huringa o te āhua nama US Pākehā i roto i te tangata nana i matua. Lelei tohu o ti'aturiraa o te tahi atu whenua i te United States whakakitea nga mahere Dawes ko Young.

4. Ko te whakatūnga o te League o Nations i 1919, i ko te taputapu whai hua ki te tautoko i te pūnaha Versailles-Washington. whaia ona kaiwhakatū ngā pānga whaiaro i roto i whanaunga ao (kua tamata te United Basileia me France ki te mau hoki ratou he tūranga tino i roto i tōrangapū ao). I roto i te whānui, i te League o Nations reira ko kahore he tikanga ki te aroturuki i te whakatinanatanga o ona whakatau.

5. pūnaha Versailles o whanaunga ao ko o te āhua ao.

Ko te raruraru, me tona tiango

puta te raruraru o te pūnaha Washington kua i roto i te 20, a kua meinga e te kaupapa here kaitaua o Hapani ki Haina. I roto i te wawe 30-doma i nohoia ai Manchuria, i hanga nei e te karetao State. Ko te League o Nations whakataua fakaaoao o Japan, me i puta mai i roto o tenei whakahaere.

Kua këtia te raruraru o te pūnaha Versailles whakapakari o Itari ko Tiamana, ki nga mana i roto i i haere mai nga fascists me nga kau Nasí. whakakitea Whanaketanga o te pūnaha o whanaunga ao i roto i te 30raa e te pūnaha haumaru hanga huri noa te League o Nations, he tino koretake.

pānga motuhake o te raruraru ka nga Anschluss o Austria i Maehe 1938, me te Munich Whakaaetanga i Mahuru o te taua tau. No te timatanga taua wa he tiango mekameka tauhohenga o te pūnaha. 1939 whakakitea e ko rawa koretake te kaupapa here whakamarie.

hinga pūnaha Versailles-Washington o whanaunga ao, i i maha tōnounoú, a ko tino iu, ki te pakarutanga o te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao.

Ko te pūnaha o whanaunga i waenganui i āhua i roto i te hawhe tuarua o te rau tau XX

Kua whakawhanakehia turanga o te tikanga ao hou i muri i te pakanga o 1939-1945 i i nga hui Yalta me Potsdam. ka mau te Congress nga kau taki o nga whenua whakakotahi anti-Hitler: Stalin, Churchill me Roosevelt (i muri Truman).
I roto i te whānui, i te pūnaha Yalta-Potsdam o whanaunga ao āhuatanga e bipolarity, rite te tūranga ārahi noho te US me te USSR. arahina tenei ki te hanganga o etahi pokapū o te mana i te awe te nuinga te āhua o te pūnaha ao.

Ko te Conference Yalta

Kaiuru o te Conference Yalta, tona whāinga matua, ko te ki te whakangaro i militarism Tiamana, me te hanga o taurangi o te rangimarie, rite nga kōrero tū i roto i ngā āhuatanga o te whawhai. I tenei Congress whakapumautia nga rohe hou o te USSR (i te raina Curzon) ko Poland. Kua hoki ki reira i tohaina rohe o mahi i roto i Germany, i waenganui i nga āhua o anti-Hitler whakakotahitanga. arahina tenei ki te meka e te whenua kua hoki 45 tau ngā o rua nga wahi - Te Hau-ā-uru, me Germany Te Tai Rāwhiti. I tua atu, i reira ko tetahi wehenga o ao o mana i roto i te rohe Balkan. ka haere Kariki raro i te mana o Ingarangi, whakapumautia te tikanga hapori I. B. Tito i roto i Yugoslavia.

Ko te Conference Potsdam

I tenei Congress, i whakaritea e ai ki runga ki te ä ratou me te decentralization o Germany. Kāinga me te kaupapa here ke i raro i te mana o te Poari, tito o nga rangatira o nga āhua-toa e wha i roto i te whawhai. pūnaha Potsdam o whanaunga ao e hāngai ana i runga i te mau parau tumu hou o te mahi tahi i waenganui i āhua Pākehā. i whakapumautia Kaunihera o Minita o Foreign Affairs. Ko te putanga matua o te Congress ko ki ui te tuku o Hapani.

Ko te mau parau tumu, me ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha hou

1. bipolarity i roto i te puka o te aroraa tōrangapū, me te wä i waenganui i te "ao noa" arahina e te United States me nga whenua-pāpori.

2. confrontational. pato'iraa pūnahanaha o te whenua ārahi i roto i te tōrangapū, ōhanga, hōia, me te tahi atu mara. Tenei aroraa ka haere mai ki te upoko i roto i te Cold War.

3. E kore te pūnaha Yalta o whanaunga ao i whai i te pūtake ture motuhake.

i hanga 4. Order New i roto i te wā o te tini o patu karihi. arahina tenei ki te hanganga o te huarahi haumaru. He ko he ariā o te deterrence karihi e hāngai ana i runga i te wehi o te whawhai hou.

5. Ko te hanganga o te UN, i runga i nei e hāngai ana te whakatau i me te pūnaha Yalta-Potsdam katoa o whanaunga ao. Otiia i roto i te wā pou-pakanga, ko te whakahaere i roto i te ārai o te pakanga patu i waenganui i te United States me te Soviet Union i te taumata ao, me te rohe.

ngā kitenga

I roto i te wā hou, i reira e rave rahi pūnaha o whanaunga ao. ko te tino pai, me te taea te pūnaha Westphalian. i confrontational pūnaha muri, e whakamārama ratou te pirau tere. Ko te pūnaha hou o whanaunga ao e hāngai ana i runga i te parau tumu o te toenga o te mana, i te mea te hua o ngā ngākau nuitanga haumaru takitahi o āhua katoa.