Maimoatanga Heat o alloys. maimoatanga wera

Heat maimoatanga o alloys ko te wāhi o te hanga tukanga metallurgy ferrous me kore-ferrous. Ka rite ki te hua o tenei tikanga, he nehenehe o te huri ratou āhuatanga ki te uara e hiahiatia ana i te konganuku. I roto i tēnei tuhinga ka titiro tatou ki nga momo matua o te maimoatanga wera whakamahia i roto i te ahumahi hou.

WHAKARĀPOPOTOTANGA wera maimoatanga

I roto i hanga wāhanga whakarewa āhua-oti he wera tukinotia ki hoatu āhuatanga e hiahiatia (kaha, te waikura resistance me te kakahu resistance, a na i runga i. D.). maimoatanga Heat o alloys - he huinga o ngā tukanga horihori, i roto i nei i roto i te alloys i pāmahana teitei i reira he huringa hanganga me te physico-pūkaha engari tiaki te hanganga matū o te taonga.

Taumu'a o maimoatanga wera

Me whakatau ngā hua Metal, e kua whakamahia i nga ra i roto i ngā wāhanga katoa o te ōhanga, ngā paerewa tiketike o te ātete ki te kakahu. Metal, rite raw rauemi, ngā hiahia ki kia pakari e hāngai ana mahi āhuatanga e taea te tutuki i runga i te rongo ki tiketike te pāmahana. Heat maimoatanga o alloys, nga pāmahana tiketike huri te hanganga o te taonga taketake, redistributes ona wāhanga, faafariu te rahi me te āhua o te tioata. arata'i tenei katoa ki te whakaiti o te ahotea ā-o te whakarewa me te kupu faarahi ona āhuatanga tinana, me te hangarau e.

Ngā momo o te maimoatanga waiariki

heke maimoatanga Heat te ki alloys konganuku e toru tukanga unpretentious: whakawera rauemi raw (āhua-oti) i mua ki te pāmahana hiahiatia, te haapa'oraa i te reira i raro i ngā āhuatanga këtia me te wa tautauā tere e tika ana. I roto i te production o teie mahana whakamahi maha ngā momo o te maimoatanga wera, rere i roto i te tahi mau āhuatanga hangarau, engari te hātepe tukanga tikanga tonu te taua nga wahi katoa.

Na roto i te tikanga o te maimoatanga o te kōmihana wera ko o te momo e whai ake nei:

• Heat (pakeke, tempering, kōpeke ana, hoholo, tukatuka cryogenic).
• maimoatanga Thermo-aunoa tā pāmahana teitei ngā ki te mahi mīhini i runga i te koranu.
• te tikanga o te wera matū wera penei te mata whakarewa ki te fakatupulaki muri o ngā hua o te huānga matū (waro, hauota, chromium, me ētahi atu).

kōpeke ana

Kōpeke ana - hokohoko tukanga i roto i nei konganuku me alloys i raro ki te whakawera ki te pāmahana tomu'a, a ka te oumu, i roto i nei te tikanga, ko te matao rawa puhoi fakanatula. I muri kōpeke ana te whakahaere ki te whakakore i te inhomogeneity o hanganga matū o mea, tango o taumahatanga ā-, ki te whakatutuki i te hanganga witi, me te whakapai ake i te reira rite taua, engari ano hoki whakaiti te pakeke o te koranu ki te whakahaere i tona tukatuka atu. E rua ngā momo o te kōpeke ana: kōpeke ana i te ahua tuatahi, me te tuarua.

Kōpeke ana o te ahua tuatahi tā te maimoatanga wera, hua i roto i te huringa o te kāwanatanga wāhanga o te koranu e hokiate ranei kore-te moti. Reira kua hoki ona momo: hanumi - kōpeke ana pāmahana o 1100-1200, i roto i tūkunga taua alloys pakeke hoki 8-15 haora, recrystallization (ki te t 100-200) Kei te whakamahia mō te kōpeke ana maitai haru ai, i.e. kei te hauā kua matao.

tuarua te ahua o te kata arata'i ki te huringa wā koranu nui. Ia ano He maha ngā momo:

• Whakaoti kata - te whakawera i te koranu ki runga ake i te tino pāmahana 30-50 tohu, āhuatanga o te taonga, me te meangiti i te tere i tohua (200 / haora - waro maitai, 100 / h, me te 50 / h - iti-koranu me tiketike-koranu steels, aua).
• Part - whakawera ki runga ki te wāhi tino me te tautauā puhoi.
• Tūringiringi - kōpeke ana pāmahana o 1100-1200.
• Ko te taua rite ki te kōpeke ana tonu, engari i muri te whakamana tautauā tere ki te pāmahana paku raro te tino, ka whakaaetia ki te whakamatao i roto i te rangi whakawera - Isothermal.
• Tonu o - anneal tonu aru e meangiti te whakarewa ki te rangi, kaua ki te i roto i te oumu.

pakeke

Pakeke - he whawhe o te koranu, ko tona whāinga ko ki te whakatutuki i te whakarewa huringa martensitic, whakarato he whakaiti i roto i ngā hua ukanga me te whakapiki ake i tona kaha. Tempering, me te kōpeke ana ngā te whakawera i te whakarewa i roto i te oumu i runga i te pāmahana tino ki te rerekētanga tinei pāmahana he auau nui o tautauā i e wahi i roto i te pati wai. Tei runga i te whakarewa me te noa te hanga i whakamahia reira ngā momo rerekē o te pakeke:

• Pakeke i roto i te taiao taua, i.e. i roto i te pati o te wai (te wai - mo wāhanga nui, te hinu - hoki wāhanga iti).
• haere tautauā rua kaupae whai - taratahi pakeke: tuatahi i roto i te wai (atu mātao koi) ki te pāmahana o āhua 300, ka i roto i te rangi ranei, i roto i te tahi atu pati o te hinu.
• Ko te taahiraa - te hua ki te whakatutuki i te pāmahana pakeke, kua matao reira mo te wa i roto i te tote whakarewa, aru e meangiti i roto i te rangi.
• Isothermal - Ko te tino rite ki te taahiraa-tinei hangarau, rerekē anake i roto i te wa pupuri o te hua i te pāmahana o te huringa martensitic.
• Tinei a faikehekehe whaiaro tempering-i te tahi atu momo e te meka e kore te tino matao te whakarewa wera, mahue i roto i te waenganui o te wahi mahana o te whenua. Ka rite ki te hua o te whawhe o te hua e runga i te āhuatanga o nui haere kaha i runga i te mata, me te i roto i te waenganui o te pokey tiketike. he mahuinga ia mo mea percussion (hama, whao, me ētahi atu) tenei huinga.

hararei

Vacation - te wā whakamutunga o thermally te tukatuka i te alloys tautuhi i te hanganga whakarewa whakamutunga. Ko te whakaaro matua o te tempering ko ki te whakaiti i te brittleness o te hua whakarewa. Kei roto i te parau tumu i roto i te whakawera i te wahi ki te pāmahana i raro i te tautauā tino. Mai kia rerekē nga aratau o maimoatanga wera, me te meangiti tere o ngā hua whakarewa mo ngā take, ka i reira e toru ngā momo o te hararei:

• pāmahana whakawera o 350-600 ki te uara i raro i te uara tino - High. Kei te tino maha tenei tukanga whakamahia hoki ngā hanganga whakarewa.
• Waenganui - maimoatanga wera i t 350-500, lahi mo ngā hua puna me puna.
• Low - whakawera i te pāmahana hua kore ki runga ake i 250 taea ki te whakatutuki i te kaha nui, me te kakahu wāhanga.

toulekeleká

Aging - he maimoatanga o alloys wera, supersaturated tukanga take pirau whakarewa i muri i tinei. Ko te hua ko te hua o hoholo ngā pakeke, kaha me te mauroa o te hua oti. pānga hoholo rino e kore anake, engari ano hoki konganuku kore-ferrous, tae atu ki ngā alloys konumohe ngāwari deformable. Ki te whakapakeke te hua whakarewa tu i te pāmahana noa, i reira he tukanga, e arahi ki te hua māhorahora i roto i te kaha me te hekenga i roto i te kōngohe. huaina ana tēnei ko te whakarewa hoholo tūturu. Ki te mahi te whawhe taua i roto i ngā āhuatanga o tiketike pāmahana, ka e huaina a reira hoholo tāwhaiwhai.

maimoatanga cryogenic

Huringa i roto i te hanganga o alloys, a reira ratou āhuatanga e taea te tutuki e kore anake tiketike, engari ano hoki pāmahana tino iti. i huaina Heat maimoatanga o alloys i t raro kore te cryogenic. Kei te whānui whakamahia tenei hangarau i roto i ngā rāngai o te ōhanga ko ha fakakakato ki wera maimoatanga ki pāmahana tiketike, no te mea taea reira ki tino whakaiti i te utu o ngā tukanga o ngā hua pakeke waiariki.

kawea maimoatanga Cryogenic o alloys i roto i t -196 pūtukatuka cryogenic motuhake. hanga ana tēnei hangarau taea reira ki te whakapiki ake i tino te ora mahi o nga wahi tukinotia me ngā āhuatanga anti-waikura, me te whakakore i te hiahia mō ngā maimoatanga tukurua.

maimoatanga thermomechanical

Ko te tikanga hou o alloys tukatuka fakatahai te tukatuka o konganuku i pāmahana teitei ki deformation pūkaha o te tuhinga i roto i te āhua kirihou. Thermo-aunoa maimoatanga (TMT) ki te tikanga o kia o e toru ngā momo mahi i:

• ngā Low-pāmahana maimoatanga thermomechanical o e rua ngā wāhanga: te deformation kirihou aru e tinei, me te tempering te wahi. Ko te rerekētanga matua i ētahi atu momo TMO - pāmahana whakawera ki te āhua austenitic o te koranu.
• High TMO tā whakawera te koranu ki te āhua martensitic i roto i ngā ki deformation kirihou.
• whakamana deformation i t 20 aru e tinei, me te tempering o te whakarewa - mua.

maimoatanga wera Chemical

Hurihia te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga o te alloys me pea te whakamahi i maimoatanga matū-waiariki, e fakatahai pānga waiariki me te matū i runga i konganuku. Ko te fâ hopea roa o tenei tikanga, i roto i te tua ki hono'oatu nui ake te kaha, pakeke, kakahu resistance me te hoatu i te hua taipitopito ātete waikawa me te ahi resistance. Tenei rōpū ngā nga momo e whai ake nei o te maimoatanga wera:

• kawea WHAKAPIRIPIRINGA te atu ki te hanga i te mata o te hua kaha anō. Ko te ngako o te tukanga ko te faaо ia te whakarewa waro. kia whakamana WHAKAPIRIPIRINGA i roto i rua ara: mārō, me te hau carburizing. I roto i te take tuatahi te rauemi tukatuka tahi ki waro me te activator whakanohoia te i roto i te oumu, me te wera ki te tetahi pāmahana, aru e hoholo reira i roto i te reo me te tautauā. I roto i te take o te carburizing hua hau wera i roto i te oumu ki 900 i raro i te jet tonu o te waro kei roto hau.
• Nitriding - he maimoatanga matū-waiariki o ngā hua whakarewa i te waiwai o te mata i roto i te huru hauota. Ko te hua o tenei tukanga ko ki te whakarei ake i te tūemi rohe kaha, me te whakapiki ake i tona resistance waikura.
• Cyanidation - waiwai whakarewa rua hauota, me te waro. pea te reo wai (whakarewa tai carbon- me hauota-kei roto), me haurehu waihā.
• Tūringiringi metallization Ko te tikanga hou mō te whakatutuki i te ātete o te tuhinga konganuku, resistance waikawa me te mauroa wera. Ko te mata o taua alloys kukū ki ngā konganuku (konumohe, chromium) me metalloids (silicon, boron).

Āhuatanga o te maimoatanga waiariki rino

Foundry rino alloys wera-tukinotia i te paku rerekē te hangarau atu te kore-ferrous maitai alloys. Iron (hina, tiketike kaha, kongatia) haere i roto i te maimoatanga wera e whai ake nei: kōpeke ana (i t 500-650), Whakapūnoa, ka whakapakeke (totoka, isothermal, mata), tempering, nitriding (hina maka rino) aluminizing (pearlitic maka rino), Konqueror. Katoa o enei ngā tukanga rite ki te hua o tino whakapai ake i te āhuatanga o te oko whakamutunga o rino: nui haere te ora mahi, faaore i te mōrea o te hangai i roto i te whakamahi o te hua, whakanui i te kaha me te wera ātete o te maka rino.

maimoatanga Heat o alloys ferrous

konganuku kore-ferrous me alloys whai āhuatanga pai i tetahi ki tetahi, na tukatuka e tikanga rerekē. Ko te kupu, e te pehi e alloys parahi o hanganga matū mō te tīaroaro ki recrystallization kōpeke ana. Hoki te parahi whakaratohia te he tikanga kōpeke ana iti-pāmahana (200-300), no te mea i tahuri tenei koranu te i te taiao takawai ki te papatanga māhorahora. Parahi ka waiho i raro ki homogenizing kōpeke ana i runga ki te 550 t. annealed Konupora, i konatunatua, ka waiho i raro ki te hoholo tāwhaiwhai (kore e hoholo tūturu puta ki te konupora whakapakeke). Konumohe, me te konupora, kua waiho i raro ki te wera maimoatanga e toru tikanga: kōpeke ana, tinei, me te hoholo, i muri nei tino whakanui i te alloys konumohe deformable tona kaha. Kei roto Tukatuka Titanium koranu: recrystallization kōpeke ana, tinei, hoholo, nitriding me carburizing.

whakarāpopototanga

tukatuka waiariki o konganuku me alloys ko te tukanga matua, e rua i roto i te pango me te kore-ferrous metallurgy. hangarau Modern he momo o tikanga maimoatanga wera ki te whakatutuki i nga āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana o ia momo o alloys tukatuka. Hoki ia whakarewa āhuatanga e tona pāmahana tino, e te tikanga e kia kawea te maimoatanga wera i roto i tango ki pūkete nga āhuatanga hanganga me physico-matū o te taonga. I roto i te mutunga, e kore e tutuki te reira anake te hua e hiahiatia ana, engari te nuinga ano hoki ki te streamline tukanga ahumahi.