Tukanga Tuhinga. Ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga urutā

Mate me te tukanga Tuhinga he momo tonu tauhohe i runga i te taupori me ngā momo taumata. Kei te tae te reira e heterogeneous hononga kunenga-talifaki ki tetahi ki tetahi tukumate, werau me te tinana tangata. puta hopuhopu me urutā tukanga puka asymptomatic me whakakitea. E tohaina ratou i roto i te rōpū taupori te mōrea o te mate ranei mate, te wā me te rohe.

mōhiohio hītori

he mea pēnei i "te tukanga urutā", ka anga ki te kia whakamahia mai i te tīmatanga o te rau tau 19. Ko tētahi o nga ngā tuatahi o tenei āhuatanga i whakatakoto Ozanamom i 1835. I tua atu, whai wāhi te maha o ngā pūkenga i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā whakaaro. Ko te wā "tukanga urutā" whakaurua i roto i 1941 Gromashevskiy. ka mea atu Belyakov whakatau ihirangi. i ia ia i muri hoatu mua te tūranga o te ture-whaiaro i roto i te tukanga urutā.

wāhanga

O te katoa e toru. E nga wāhanga e whai ake nei o te tukanga urutā:

• Ngā me take.
• Ko te tikanga o te whanaketanga o te tukanga urutā.
• Faaiteraa.

heheu te wāhanga tuatahi te mauri o te tukanga. whakaata te reira i te take ā-o hanganga me nga tikanga i raro i nei puta reira. Systematization o ngā mōhiohio i roto i tenei wāhanga e homai ha faingamālie i roto i ngā whānui ki te whakahoki i te pātai o te mea ko nga taketake o te mātai tahumaero. I roto i te rongoā haumanu - i roto i te wāhi i reira kawea rangahau i roto tikanga pathological i te taumata organismal - huaina wāhanga rite ko te "etiology". E whakaatu ana te hono tuarua te ahunga whakamua o te hanganga o te āhuatanga. I roto i tenei wāhanga, whakahoki tatou te pātai o te pehea haamata te reira. I roto i te rongoā haumanu, ka karanga te mara rite te "pathogenesis". whakakitea te wāhanga tuatoru mau faaiteraa e haere tahi tukanga urutā; ngā mōhiohio he pünaha e whakaata ana i te āhuatanga o te āhuatanga. I roto i te rongoā haumanu, ka karanga wāhanga rite semiotics. Next, whakaaro te kāwai i roto i te taipitopito atu.

Ko te tikanga me take

Ko te pāhekoheko o te tukumate me te tinana tangata puta i roto i te wāhi me te wā tonu. He āhuatanga ngā o te tukanga urutā. Ko ētahi o ēnei, mo te tauira, koiora. Enei āhuatanga hanga te urutā tukanga take e haamata ngā pathological. He he ano hoki te kāwai tuarua. whakarato āhuatanga taiao me te pāpori ture o nga tikanga i raro i nei e te tukanga wahi. Ko taea taunekeneke anake i roto i te aroaro o take, me ngā āhuatanga.

Ko te ope peia o te natura koiora

Tenei take - pūnaha pirinoa i roto i nei i reira ko te ngā motuhake. He etahi āhuatanga motuhake tona taha. Ko te kupu, whakaatu nga pirinoa pathogenicity, ope - susceptibility.

ope pāpori

Ko ētahi o ēnei āhuatanga i te matatini o ngā āhuatanga pāpori e whakatairanga ranei arai te akoranga o te tukanga urutā. I roto ia ratou he:

• whakaurunga parukore whakataunga.
• noho Active.
• whanaketanga pāpori.

taupori hohe

Te reira i autaki a tika pānga te auau o te rere o te tukanga urutā. Ko te kaha mahi pāpori, te pirinoa pāhekoheko atu korerotia, me te rauropi. Mua, ko te tihi i roto i te tahae, me te pakanga. mahi o te taupori e taea faaite mai ano i te taumata o te hapori katoa he utuafare ngā ranei.

whakapai ake hauora

Ko tōna taumata tika pānga te tere i tera e rere ra te tukanga urutā. Ko te wā ngā auau whakapai ake kohinga parukore me te tikanga o te ururua kai, me te mārō. Kei te tukinotia ano ia pūnaha rerenga parukore, me te wai kāwanatanga.

te ahunga whakamua pāpori

He he mana autaki i runga i te tikanga i roto i nei rere te tukanga urutā te taumata o te whanaketanga ahumahi, me te pāpori. I roto i tenei take, ka taea e whai reira pānga e rua pai, me te kino. Ka taea te whakaaro tauira o te mua rite pai tōtika me te kounga o te ora, me te, no reira, ake i te tangata o te mate, me te huringa i roto i te ahurea o te whanonga, te mātauranga akuaku, hangarau te ahunga whakamua. He kitea te mana kino i roto i te maha te whakanui ake o addicts tarukino me Alcoholics, huringa i roto i te ahurea fakasekisualé (te horapa o te kakā viral, HIV), te ino o ngā āhuatanga taiao, ngoikore parepare o te tinana.

tikanga tūturu

ngā wāhanga abiotic me aahuatanga ki enei āhuatanga. Ko nga mea timatanga o te natura te whakamutunga. Ka rite ki te tauira, te pānga ture o wāhanga aahuatanga e taea meinga he huringa i roto i te kaha o te tukanga urutā rere i runga i te papamuri o tau rerekē o kiore i roto i te mate tūturu momo rahi. Ki te zoonoses pere-whanau hekenga me te maha o ngā angawaho i te pānga e fakatonutonu i runga i te pakeke o te āhuatanga. Na roto i te wāhanga abiotic ngā tikanga matawhenua taiao, me te āhuarangi. Hei tauira, ka tata te ao e faarahi maha hinonga nosological pathologies.

Epidemiology o mate hopuhopu

Ko te ture tuatahi Gromashevskiy whakatau te akoranga o ngā taunekeneke i waenganui i te werau me te tinana tangata mo te topu-. Heoi, i reira ko nga hononga e whai ake nei o te tukanga urutā:

• Source o māngai.
• Ko te tikanga tuku.
• rauropi i haria.

Ko te hono whakamutunga o te tukanga urutā i to ratou ake whakarōpū.

Pūtake o te māngai

Ko te tangata, kararehe te tipu ranei rauropi huaketo. Ka taea te ahu mate o takitahi i haria i reira. puna matatini hanga te awa. Hoki anthroponoses tangata i roto i mahi rite te kaihoko pūtake, i te mea hakari momo asymptomatic kitea ranei o māuiuitanga mō zoonoses - kararehe (mohoao, synanthropic kāinga ranei). A ka waiho taua mea mo sapronoses āhuatanga abiotic o te taiao.

Ko te whakawhiti o te tukumate

Ko te mātai tahumaero o te mate tā te ara motuhake o neke pirinoa i roto i te tinana hauora i te pāngia. E ai ki te ture tuarua o Gromashevskiy, kei te kei tukumate tuku i runga i tona localization tuatahi. kia toto, tawerewere kiri, hūpē, tütae tenei. Ka rite ki te ara waka kaimahi raupapa me te plurality o tauwehe whakawhiti, i nei whakatinana te huarahi kei te.

pirinoa ngotonga ara

1. Ko te ara aerosol. Kei roto te reira i te ara e whai ake nei:

- rangi-te maturuturunga iho (rite te mahaha tuku, mate kiriuhi);

- puehu mahino (tenei ara he mate kohi Mycobacterium, ngangana kirika).

2. ara fecal-waha. Kei roto te reira i taua ara rite:

- whakapā-whare;

- wai;

- te kai.

3. Whakapā ara. Kei roto te reira i tikanga hāngai, me te autaki o tuku.

4. ara pērā. Tenei kāwai ngā taua tikanga rite:

- horihori (e pā ana ki whawhe rata: e pā ana ki te pokanga, werohanga, transplantation, huhu, e tika ana ki ngā tukanga tātaritanga);

- tūturu (excreted feces taraka, me Typhoid ki te momo tukumate kontaminatsionnom - whakaurua te ki huware).

whakarōpū General

He maha ngā āhuatanga o te tuku. I roto i ngā, i te kāpeka taratahi, te tuatahi, me te takawaenga. herenga wehea hoki ngā āhuatanga Whakawhiti ki taketake, me te atu. Hei nuku i te wāhanga o te werau ngā:

• Wehe o te tinana kawe.
• E noho i roto i te taiao o waho.
• aro ngotonga ki te rauropi mate.

susceptibility

Ko reira, e nehenehe o te whakaparu i te pathologies ope whakapataritari e te werau. whakakitea ana tēnei i roto i te puka o te motuhake pathological me tiaki whakautu (pūnaha ārai) me nonspecific (pūmautanga) tauhohe. Wehewehe i te momo e whai ake nei o te rauangi:

• Takitahi (tohuāhua me tohuira).
• Momo.

mahi papare rite te whakautu motuhake ki te kătahi o te kaihoko ke. Ātete (ātete) ko he tauhohe korero matatini momo nonspecific.

Ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga urutā

Ngā pāhekoheko o te werau me te tangata faaite ake i roto i te puka o te contamination o te muri. I muri, kia waiho he ope haria kino hei te kaikawe o te tukumate ranei. I te whakakitenga taumata taupori-motuhake te aroaro rite te mate tāmutumutu, te aroaro o te urutā (epifitoticheskogo, epizootic) arotahi tūturu, flash, uruta urutā ranei ranei.

kaha

tohatoha tāmutumutu i rawe ki ki te rōpū ngā, wa, rohe. mate urutā Ko te hua poto i roto i te taumata o te infestation. whakarōpū muri i roto i tenei take i mahi i roto i te runga ki tawhā pae tino, me te rohe. Urutā pakarutanga Ko te taonga wā-poto o te mate i roto i te rōpū ngā. tonu te reira hoki tetahi e rua ranei wā heki. Kei te piki haere te urutā te pā ki te rohe rohe ranei. Ka rite ki te tikanga, e hipokina ana e ia tetahi wa o te tau. Urutā faaite te taumata o te mate pumau mo te tau torutoru tekau tau ranei. Tūaritia māuiuitanga i roto i tenei take i runga i te fenua.

Ko te pāhiwihiwi o te whakaatu

kia pā te reira ki wāhi o te wā, ngā rōpū. I roto i te take tuatahi, e hāngai ana te whakarōpū i runga i te rohe horapa o te tank. I roto i ngā, taratahi:

• wāhi ao. I roto i tenei take, kawea te tauhohenga i roto i waenganui i te tangata me nga anthroponoses awa.
• Ko te nohonga rohe - he taiao zoonoses ngahunga.

Tirohanga o te wā:

• Cyclicity.
• Tau takoto.
• ngā tirohanga mate.

Non-taurite o ngā rōpū taupori whakarōpūtia e te āhuatanga epidemiologically nui, me te ōkawa. ngā te whakamutunga te rōpū:

• Age.
• Ngaio.
• Tei runga i te noho (tāone tuawhenua ranei).
• Ta◊emaau fakatokãteline ka whakaritea.

kawea tohatoha i runga i ngā āhuatanga epidemiologically nui i roto i runga i te pūtake o mātanga hīkaro arorau. Kia ngā reira he momo o ngā āhuatanga, pērā i honoa.

ariā pāpori-rauropi

Kei te hāngai te reira i runga i te tūranga o te huarahi pūnaha. Na roto o tenei ariā taputapu whakaatu i te tukanga o te hanganga aroākapa. Reira heheu hoki te pāhekoheko mahi i waenganui i te ari i rawe ki ki i ia taumata. I roto i runga ki te ariā o te tukanga urutā aroaro te i roto i te puka o te pūnaha maha-atamira matatini. Ka āta whakarite te reira i whai ahua ai te oraraa, tārua me te tohatoha o microorganisms pirinoa i roto i nga tangata. Taumata 2 Kua tohaina i roto i te hanganga: eco- me sotsekosistemny.

pūnaha pirinoa

rere ke te reira i āpiti. tikanga o tēnei e te tito reira o te tahi mau taata i roto i te taupori ope. I roto i te kauneke i te kaiao tukanga hopuhopu, faaite i roto i te puka o te hariata te pakeke o te māuiuitanga haumanu ranei. A, no te te whakatinanatanga o te ara tuku me te pāhekoheko o te tukumate i roto i te interpopulation puta rauropi i haria. I roto i te hononga ki tenei pūnaha pirinoa kei te raupapatanga o maha tukanga hopuhopu. Ko te ariā o te tukanga urutā riro waitara, kahore he mahara ki te tikanga o te huarahi tuku.

hanganga aroākapa

Kei te kitea te reira e te pūāhua taumata-maha, me te ngā maha ngā paparanga kaimahi:

• Organismic. Ko hāngai Kōrero i roto i tenei take i runga i te tukanga hopuhopu. E te aroaro te reira i pāhekoheko pūnaha i te puka o te subpopulation organismic o te tukumate me te whakahaere o te toenga koiora o te moroiti.
• Cell. I tenei taumata reira ko te pūnaha tënei o te takitahi kotahi o te werau me nga pūtau o te rauropi ūnga.
• Tissue-okana. I tenei taumata, te huinga rohe o te werau pāhekoheko ki te whakahaere motuhake o etahi kopa me whēkau o te ope.
• Subcellular (rāpoi). Tenei taunekeneke te taputapu ira ki rāpoi koiora o te werau me ope.

Higher i roto i te hanganga sotsekosistemny taumata tukanga urutā whakaaro, i roto i nei ngā te rauwiringa kaiao e rite ki tetahi o nga kāwairoto ā-. māngai te tuarua i roto i te puka o te whakahaere pāpori. Ka rite ki take o te whanaketanga me te atu tukanga urutā mahi ïa te pāhekoheko o te pūnaha e rua. I te āhuatanga ano i roto i te ekostrukture whakaritea e wehenga pāpori.

tauira

I roto i te February, 2014 i roto i te Guinea (Awherika Te Hau-ā-uru), he pakarutanga o Ebola. tonu ia ki tenei ra. I roto i tenei take, kua oho te urutā Ebola tera taha o te kāwanatanga, ka horahia ki ētahi atu whenua. Ko te wāhi kua pā ngā, i roto i ngā, Sierra Leone, Liberia, te United States, Senegal, Mali, Spain, Nigeria. Ko te ahurei tenei take no te mea kua timata te mate mo te wa tuatahi i roto i Africa Te Hau-ā-uru. Doctors i roto i te whenua te wahi e kore e te māuiuitanga horapa, whai wheako i roto i pā ana ki reira. kino ake ngaa te āhuatanga kei te te tūponotanga o whakaoho i roto i te taupori rite ki te hua o te apee. No te tauturu i tonoa te kāwanatanga Guinean ki whakaurunga me kaimahi i roto i ngā rōpū o te ao, me te motu. I roto i ngā, i whakaratohia āwhina e: te Center United States mo Epidemiology, Russia, Rospotrebnadzor, te Kōmihana Pākehā. Āwhina tono tangata me te Hapori Economic o Amerika o Western Europe. I roto i te Guinea mahi Epidemiology Laboratory. Mataotao kohikohi me te tātari mōhiohio e pā ana ki te mate. whakaratohia tautoko Epidemiology Center ki te taupori, i herea ki te iwi pangia hauora. Ka rite ki tuhia e te WHO kaiwhakahaere whānui Keiji Fukuda, i puta pakarutanga riro te kaha o te katoa i roto i te mahi.