Waetahi pūmua e aha mea faufaa? He aha e nga waetahi o pūmua?

Pūmua he waerau koiora ki ngā hanganga matatini. E ratou he taimaha rāpoi tiketike, me ngā o te rōpū prosthetic waikawa amino māngai e huaora, lipid me inclusions warowaihā. Pūmua kei roto warowaihā, huaora, lipids konganuku ranei, ka karanga pūhui. pūmua ohie anake tito o waikawa amino piri tahi e peptide here.

peptides

No mea he aha te hanganga kua he taonga o waetahi pūmua he waikawa amino. hanga i enei te mekameka polypeptide taketake, i te mea ka āhua flare ranei hanganga pūmua fibril. A, no te tenei pūmua e taea te synthesized anake i roto i te kiko ora - i roto i te tipu, kitakita, fungal, kararehe, me te tahi atu pūtau.

Ko te rauropi anake e kore e taea e e te hono waetahi pūmua, huaketo me hātare he huakita. E ahei o hanga nga pūmua hanganga nga ētahi atu katoa. Ko te aha matū he waetahi, pūmua, me pehea e ratou i hanga? Tenei me te biosynthesis pūmua, he polypeptide, me te hanganga o te hanganga pūmua matatini o waikawa amino me o ratou āhuatanga, kite i raro.

waetahi Single o te muingota o te pūmua ko tetahi waikawa alpha-amino. I roto i tenei take, i te pūmua - he mekameka polypeptide o hono waikawa amino. Tei runga i te maha o waikawa amino whai wāhi i roto i tona hanganga e dipeptides taratahi (e rua ngā toenga), he tripeptide (3), oligopeptides (kei roto i 2-10 waikawa amino) me polypeptides (he plurality o ngā waikawa amino).

Overview o te hanganga o te pūmua

kia pūmua hanganga tuatahi paku atu matatini - te tuarua, atu matatini - quaternary - tuatoru, me tino matatini.

Ko te hanganga tuatahi - ko reira he taiawhio ohie nei mā te here peptide (CO-NH) hono waetahi pūmua (waikawa amino). hanganga Tuarua - ko reira he Arepa-helix beta-rau ranei. Tuatoru - he ara atu uaua tenei hanganga toru-ahu o te pūmua, i hanga e i hangarua e tika ana ki te hanganga o te kotuari, katote me here hauwai me taunekeneke hydrophobic.

Ko te hanganga quaternary he pūmua receptor rawa uaua, me te rawe ki kei runga i kiriuhi pūtau. Tenei supramolecular (rohe) hanganga i hanga e tika ana ki te feohi o te maha ngā rāpoi ngota ki te hanganga wānanga, i kō atu ki ngā rōpū warowaihā, lipid, huaora ranei. I roto i tenei take, kia rite i roto i te hanganga tuatahi, tuarua me te tuatoru o te pūmua waetahi he waikawa alpha-amino. E piri ano ratou e here peptide. Ko te rerekētanga anake i roto i te matatini hanganga.

waikawa amino

Ko te rāpoi ngota waetahi anake pūmua he waikawa alpha-amino. E 20 anake, a ko whakauaua ratou te turanga o te ora. Ko te putanga o te here peptide, te kōtuitanga pūmua i taea. He pūmua ano ka timata ki te mahi i te hanganga-hanga, receptor, pūmua whākōkī, waka, takawaenga me te tahi atu mahi. Nā ki tenei mahi ora te tinana me te taea te tāruatia.

Anake waikawa alpha-amino ko te waikawa organic he he rōpū amino hono ki te ngota alpha-waro. kei muri i muri ki te rōpū carboxyl. Ko te kupu e whakaaro waetahi o pūmua rite matū organic, i roto i nei te ngota waro kāpeka me whanau he Amen, me te rōpū carboxyl.

Pūhui o waikawa amino i roto i nga peptides me te pūmua

piri waikawa amino ki dimers, trimers me waerau mā te here peptide. Kei te hanga e te reira na roto i te wāhinga o hydroxyl (-OH) rōpū i te wahi carboxyl o tetahi waikawa alpha-amino, me te hauwai (H) - rōpū amino o tetahi Arepa-amino waikawa. wahia te taunekeneke o te wai kei te atu, a ka noho tonu i te wahi terminus carboxy o te C = E ki te toenga irahiko noa tata te waro carboxyl. I roto i te tahi atu toenga waikawa amino kua (NH) ki te wātea tuwhena noa i te ngota hauota. Tenei taea ki a koe te hono i te Radicals e rua ki te hanga i te here (CONH). Kei te karangatia e te reira i te peptide.

Rerekē o waikawa Arepa-amino

Tapeke mohiotia 23 waikawa alpha-amino. E te aroaro ratou rite te rārangi o: glycine, valine, alanine, isoleucine, leucine, glutamate, aspartate, ornithine, threonine, serine, lysine, cystine, cysteine, phenylalanine, methionine, tyrosine, proline, tryptophan, hydroxyproline, arginine, histidine, asparagine me glutamine. Runga anō i taea ranei te synthesized ratou e te tinana tangata, e wehea enei waikawa amino ki faufaa, me te faufaa.

Ko te ariā o waikawa amino faufaa, me te faufaa

Ka taea e whakawhiti te tinana tangata synthesize, ia kia haere faufaa anake ki te kai. Ko te kupu e nui mō te pūmua biosynthesis e rua waikawa faufaa, me te faufaa, no te mea kahore ratou e kore e taea te whakaoti i te kōtuitui. Te kore te waikawa amino kotahi, ara, ki te he reira katoa atu, e kore e taea ki te hanga i te pūmua i hiahiatia te pūtau kei te ki te mahi i ona mahi.

Kotahi hapa i roto i tetahi o nga kaupae biosynthetic - me te pūmua he kāore, no te mea e kore e waiho te reira taea ki te whakatau i te hanganga e hiahiatia ana e tika ana ki maumaui o te kiato irahiko me te taunekeneke interatomic. No te mea te tangata (me ētahi atu rauropi), he mea nui ki te pau ngā kai pūmua, e roto i te waikawa amino faufaa. Ratou e ngaro i roto i te kai arata'i ki te maha o disorders pūmua pākia.

Ko te tukanga o te hanganga o te here peptide

Ko te waetahi pūmua anake he waikawa alpha-amino. E hono ana ratou māmālie i roto i te mekameka polypeptide, kei te rongoa te hanganga o nei i roto i mua i roto i te waehere ira o te DNA (ranei RNA, ka tirohia te biosynthesis kitakita). I roto i tenei take, i te pūmua - he raupapa tino o ngā toenga waikawa amino. whakaritea ana tēnei mekameka e i roto i te tetahi hanganga, mahi i roto i te mahi i mua i-programmed pūtau.

raupapa -Stage o te pūmua biosynthesis

Ko te tukanga o te hanganga o te pūmua ngā o te mekameka o ngā wāhanga: tukuruatanga pae DNA (RNA ranei) kōtuitanga o te momo RNA mōhiohio, putanga reira ki te cytoplasm o te karihi pūtau, te pūhui ki te ribosome me tāpiritanga āta o te toenga waikawa amino e kua tukuna whakawhiti RNA. Ko te taonga i te mea he waetahi pūmua whai wāhi i roto i te tauhohe wāhinga enzymatic o te rōpū hydroxyl me te iraoho hauwai, a ka hono te mekameka polipetidnoy whakawhānui.

whakahau te kupu whiwhi mekameka polypeptide, i te mea i roto i te pūnaha kiriuwhi pūtau kē te i roto i te tetahi hanganga tomu'a me kō atu warowaihā lipid moiety ranei ka hiahiatia. huaina ana tēnei tukanga ko "te matuatanga" o te pūmua, i muri i tukua ai e ia ki te pūnaha ikiiki o te pūtau ki te ūnga.

pūmua Taumahi synthesized

Waetahi o pūmua he waikawa amino hiahiatia ki te hanga i to ratou hanganga tuatahi. Tuarua, tuatoru, me te quaternary hanganga ano te hanga e kua, engari i ētahi wā ano hoki titau te whai wāhitanga o whākōkī me ētahi atu matū. Heoi, he kore ratou te matua, ahakoa he mea nui e te pūmua mahi ratou mahi.

Amino waikawa, i te mea kia whai i te waetahi pūmua warowaihā āpitihanga ngā, konganuku huaora ranei. kura tuatoru Mātauranga hanganga quaternary ranei hanga reira taea ki te kitea atu wahi mo te wāhi o te rōpū kōkuhu. Tenei taea hoki te pärönaki o te pūmua, e whai te tūranga o te pūmua whākōkī, receptor, matū taraka ki te pūtau ranei i roto i o, he immunoglobulin, he wāhanga hanganga o kiriuhi pūtau organelles ranei, uaua pūmua.

Pūmua e hanga e i waikawa amino, he anake te pūtake o te ora. Na i tenei ra te whakapono reira e whakatika te ora i muri noa i te ahua o waikawa amino, a e tika ana ki tona polymerization. I muri i te katoa, te pāhekoheko intermolecular o pūmua ko te timatanga o te ora, tae atu maramarama. atu tukanga matüora katoa, tae atu pūngao, he tika hoki te iteraa o te biosynthesis pūmua, me rite ki te hua, te hokohoko atu atu o te ora.