Ko te tahatika whanaketanga rohe. pareparenga whanaketanga International me rohe

Mai i mōrearea ōhanga iti pea pāngia ngā wāhi ki te nui rawa o te tuitui, me te tiritiri o ngā rauemi pūtea. I runga i te mākete, kahore rohe ā-i roto i nei kaupapa noa o taonga, ngā rauemi, whakapaipai, kaha mahi, i reira he he pai āhuarangi haumi me ngā āhuatanga pai mo te hanganga o ngā kaiwhakanao kaha. I raro i taua tikanga, e faarahi te reira i te hiahia mo tetahi atu hanganga pūtea - tahatika rohe.

iku'anga

E hanga tahatika whanaketanga rohe ki te whai wāhitanga o te kāwanatanga. E ratou mārama ngā wāhanga o te mahi kīnaki i tuitui a te kāwanatanga ki te ao ōhanga me te pāpori, tautoko whanaunga hokohoko ke, whakarato pūtea taurewa ki pakihi iti, me te reo-rahi. Hei tauira, te āwhina e whakaratohia ana e te Pākehā Investment Bank i 2010, Hungary, Tiorangi, Greece, Latvia, kua awhinatia ki te ū te āhuatanga ōhanga me te pūtea o te whenua. pareparenga whanaketanga rohe hanga he wāhi nui ki te tupu tahi o whenua mema ki te āwhina i hinga i te pānga kino o mōrearea pūtea. I roto i taua mau huru, te tūranga o ā-kāwanatanga pūtahi pūtea. whakaaro tatou i roto i te taipitopito i te wāhanga o ratou mahi.

History o te whanaketanga

Ka taea te huaina e te wāhi tīmata i te wā o te ora ōhanga i muri i te Pakanga II o te Ao. I roto i 1949 i roto i Moscow faaoti te feia faatere o te o Hungary, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, te USSR ko Czechoslovakia ki whakaturia ake te Kaunihera mō te āwhina Economic Mutualé (CMEA). Ko te whāinga - ki te whakarato i te mahi tahi pūtea, pūtaiao, me te hangarau, ki te āwhina i roto i te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahi tahi. I roto i nga tau i muri, i honoa e ia e te Tiamana Democratic Republic, Mongolia, Yugoslavia me Cuba. E nga waenganui-70 CMEA tonu whanaunga ki runga i toru tekau pūtahi ao.

whakatutukitanga

Ahakoa i te wā o te hanganga o te whakahaere whanaunga taea te whakatau i te hiahia o hoa i roto i te wahie, mahi tahi rauemi raw me ngā mīhini ki te whakatinana i te hanga o te paipa hinu nui rawa "Druzhba", i whakamahia ki te kawe rauemi mata i roto i Hungary, Poland ko Czechoslovakia. I roto i te hawhe tuarua o te 60raa i hanga kaata Intermetal Park. Na roto i tuituia hokohoko CMEA mahinga i waenganui i nga whenua e rua, puritia here mahere whakahaere, te mahi tikanga o te mahi tahi.

i tukua Hungary nga pahi Hoa te GDR - kakahu, Poland - poke, Pūtaiao, Czechoslovakia - hiko, Cuba - huka, Romania - taonga. I whakawhiti ēnei taonga mō te hinu cheap, hau, konganuku, hua o aunoa engineering, te whakatangitangi me te korero ahumahi. I muri i te whakakāhoretanga o te USSR, ki tenei hanganga kua mutu hoki te tīariari. Ko tenei ra whakahaere ētahi atu whare rite.

Āhia rohe Development Bank

whakapumautia ADB i roto i 1966 e te Komihana Ōhanga me Social mo Ahia, me te-Kiwa. Whāinga Organization:

• whakatairanga tupu ohaoha i roto i Ahia, me te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti;
• te haereraa o te wahine i roto i te hapori;
• whakarato rauemi States Mema mahi.

Rohe Bank mo whakatikatika me Development i Ahia whakarato:

• loans mo te whakatutukitanga o ngā kaupapa ōhanga, me te pāpori;
• āwhina hangarau i roto i te faaineineraa o ngā hōtaka;
• taurewa ki hinonga tūmatanui, me te tūmataiti mō te whanaketanga;
• āwhina te reira i roto i te ruruku o mahere me ngā whāinga.

I Union kua 56 whenua mema inaianei. Kei te hanganga whakahaere o toru ngā taumata o te kāwanatanga:

• te peresideni;
• te Poari Whakahaere;
• te feia faatere.

rauemi pūtea ngā share whakapaipai, moni rāhui, loans i pūtea motuhake hanga mo te moni concessional. he kaha i roto i te rāngai katoa o te ōhanga Development rohe Bank. Ko utua atu te aro te ki ahuwhenua, hokohoko whakapaipai, pūngao, waka me kōrero.

Ko te Inter-American Development Bank

I roto i te tikanga ki te āwhina i roto i te whanaketanga o whenua o Amerika Latin i roto i 1959 i hanga ai e te IDB. Ahunga o te whakahaere:

• whakatairanga o te haumi i roto i Amerika Latin;
• te arata'iraa rauemi katoa e wātea ana ki te pūtea kaupapa ōhanga matua;
• whakatairanga o haumi;
• āwhina i roto i te roha o te kaupapa here hokohoko ke o ngā kaiuru;
• whakarato o āwhina hangarau i roto i te whakatinanatanga o ngā mahere.

He neke atu i te 48 ngā mema IDB. Ko te anga whakahaere, ko te rite whai:

• feia faatere o te Komiti;
• te Poari Whakahaere;
• whakahaere;
• Peresideni;
• tari.

rauemi pūtea ngā ohaurunga, te whakapaipai rāhui, moni whakawhirinaki tuku concessional. Te nuinga o nga rawa i runga i te pepa vai i roto i te puka o moni, e taea te kī, pūtāhui o ngā taunekeneke i roto i te mākete ranei. ngā mahi Bank hipokina rāngai katoa o te ōhanga, engari utua atu te aro te ki ahuwhenua me ika, ahumahi, ratonga pāpori, te whakamahere, whakahounga me haumi.

I tua atu ki te IDB i Amerika Latin mahi rite te Inter-American Investment Corporation, CDB, te Central American Economic Integration moni institution.

Ko te mākete kāinga

titau te Central Bank e waenganui i "hauora" me te rahi o te kohua he kahore hononga tika. tākaro hoki nga tahatika whanaketanga rohe wāhi nui i roto i te whanaketanga o te ōhanga kāwanatanga. He pai ake ratou me pai mohio nga pau o pakihi iti, me te reo-rahi. Tei mahi whakamutunga i runga i te wātea o nama i roto i te mara. E ai ki ngā tatauranga, kamupene e whakahaere i roto i te rohe ki te pūnaha pūtea pai whakawhanakehia-, ake i te tere e 67% tere atu i te kamupene i roto i te whenua katoa.

I roto i te Russia, e kore e tino hira i roto i kiritaki enei pūtahi. Kaipakihi i roto i nga Urals, Siberia me te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti i roto i te whānui e kore e riro i te whakapaipai tono. E ratou ki te tono ki nui whakanōhanga nama. kia pareparenga whanaketanga rohe hoa mo taua kaipakihi. e kore e tino ngā pūtahi nama nui taua kiritaki. Ko te tukanga-whakatau kaupapa kāwanatanga institution i runga i te take o moni tono kia roa hoki te maha o nga marama. He pai ki te whakapā atu i te rohe-rohe Development Bank. He nui ake maheni ki te pau o te pakihi pūtahi Guide. Ko te tūponotanga o te whakatau pai i runga.

Manga - e kore te pēke

I roto i te pūtahi nama nui, o te akoranga, i reira he manga i roto i te rohe mamao o te whenua. Ko ratou te tikanga hapa kitá-a rave i te mahi hangarau anake i runga i te kohinga o ngā tuhinga. hanga te whakatau e te kaiārahi i roto i Moscow, e kore ai e mōhio o te pau o te rohe, me te pakihi. pareparenga nui hiahia ki te karo i kiritaki uaua. Na tata katoa rapu utu pakihi iti te huarahi takitahi. rite ngā rohe ki te ruku hōhonu ia ki nga āhuatanga o te mahi, a taea e te rerekē i roto i te mara o ratonga pēke ki hinonga iti me te reo-rahi.

whakaiti

I te Pipiri 1, 2014 whakahaeretia 888 pareparenga i Russia. Ko tino iti iho i te i roto i Germany (1.8 ths.) Na te US (neke atu i te 5.8 mano.) tenei. Ko te taumata o ngā ratonga nama i roto i Russia - 0.6. Ko, te tangata he wāhi iti iho i te kotahi nama i roto i te whenua. I roto i te US, te ahua he te 2, me te i roto i te EU - 1.8. Ko tētahi atu raruraru ranei, atu ïa, he āhuatanga o te wā - te whakahaere nui katoa he tari kāwanatanga. Sberbank, VTB (24), a Gazprom Rosselhoz mahi neke atu i 53,8% o te taupori. Neke atu i te te 5 tau whakamutunga kua nui haere tino te maha o ngā nama i roto i Moscow: i 15.4% ki te 22%. Ka rite ki te hua, pakihi e whakatutuki ki te whakahaere tāone kei roto i te tūranga hāneanea whakaritea ki ngā rōpū i roto i Siberia me te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti.

pūtea

Ko te whanaketanga o te whatunga rohe o te pēke whai wāhi ki te tipu ōhanga o te rohe. whakapumautia tenei e te āhuatanga i roto i Russia. I roto i Siberia, i reira e 258 pareparenga ki manga i roto i te Te Tai Rāwhiti, a tae noa iti - 118. A tenei ahakoa te meka e mutu nui ano ki te tīariari i roto i te 10 tau kua hipa. No te tahi atu mataeinaa e taea whakamanamana taua tau. Whakaröpütia ngā pareparenga whanaketanga rohe rite iti. e kore e taea e ratou te whakarato i tētahi whakahaere ki te rauemi e tika ana. Ka rite ki te hua, ko te rua nga wa iti iho i te i roto i Moscow te taumata o GDP i enei rohe. A ka taea e takitahi whakarato anake i te whānuitanga iti o ngā ratonga. Ka kitea tënei e arotake.

tata Development rohe Bank te rite te ōwehenga o te whakapaipai ki te nui mōrahi o te nama. Hei tauira, i roto i Russia reira e 140 ngā rōpū e taea te hoatu i te kiritaki te taurewa i te nui o te 1 piriona moni. O e kei enei wae 37 i roto i Moscow, 6 - i roto i Siberia (Tyumen, Novosibirsk) me 3 - i roto i te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti. Ka rite ki te hua, e takoha pakihi ki ngā rohe tawhiti ki te tono mō ngā pūtea taurewa ki te hanganga whakapaipai nui, o te "rohe Development Bank" ranei.

āhuatanga i roto i

kia whakawhanake whare nama rohe. Tenei e taea e nui whai wāhi ki te pareparenga pokapū, ka pūmatuahia te whakahaere iti. Ka taea hoki e koe te hanga i tētahi puka o te mātakitaki e ka aromatawai i te āhuatanga i runga i te hātepe papatono rerekē i taua e whakamahia nei mō ngā hanganga nui. Na pareparenga iti motuhake mehua tautoko ko kore i runga i te taumata e hānga ana ranei i te Central Bank. Otiia ki te utu nga mana ā-rohe aro ki tenei take, ko te nui iti te maha o pareparenga tangohia o raihana i roto i te rohe. Otiia ara, ki te pera me te reira e, e kore e haere tahi ratou e nui kākā, te matapaki i ngā take i roto i te pāpāho, me te muri aitua. I puta he āhuatanga rite i roto i te 2013, ka kua ngaro te raihana tahatika whanaketanga rohe. Putunga o kiritaki kihai i tonu hoki reira. I roto i te tika i te rua tau kua pahure, whakakore te Central Bank nga raihana o 62 pūtahi nama. Kei te mahunga taua tatauranga. Ki te kore e te āhuatanga huri, ka i muri i te 5 tau e noho i te rängai pēke i raro i te mana o ngā pūtahi pūtea nui āhua-fatuhia.

mutunga

whanaketanga ōhanga me te pāpori o te rohe, tei runga i te kaha ki te kukume kaipakihi ki te moni pēke rohe. I roto i te katoa i reira e 888 pūtahi nama Russian. A kua marara ratou puta noa he pāhiwihiwi te whenua. Ka rite ki te hua, e kore e taea e kaipakihi i Siberia me te Far Te Tai Rāwhiti te whakamahi i te momo taea katoa o ngā ratonga pūtahi nama. E tauturu te reira ia ratou ki te whai ki te haere ki te tahatika whanaketanga tāone rohe ranei nui. kawea Whakatauranga i roto i 2014 whakakitea e te nui rawa o nga pokapū motuhake i roto i ngā o te tika (Russia, MDM, AK Pae) e hāngai i roto i te St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk ko Kazan.