Tākirirangi Soviet "Energy" piha superheavy

"Energy" - te Soviet whakarewatanga waka super-taimaha. ko ia tetahi o te pere ake hanga toru tino kaha o te piha haapiiraa i taua - "Saturn V», rite pai rite te tākirirangi kino-hū H-1, i ia ki te whakakapi. Tētahi atu pere ko te whakaaro matua o te tango i te ohuraa o te rakau wāhi Soviet, i whakaturia a ia motu ke i te US, ki te tango atu ki o ratou ake engines powered e te tank wahie waho nui. I roto i 1987-1988, te "Energy" rua haere i roto i te wāhi, ka tīmata te kore kawea atu, ahakoa te meka e i roto i te Soviet Union i reira ki te hei i te tikanga tuatahi o te tuku o te utanga ki te ohuraa o te rau tau XXI.

tunga kaupeka

I muri arahina Valentin Glushko TSKBEM (OKB-1 i mua), whakakapi i te whakama Vasily Mishin, pau ia 20 marama mahi i runga i te hanganga o te turanga kaupeka, e hāngai ana i runga i te whakarerekētanga o te "iraoho" hoahoa tākirirangi Vladimir Chelomeya i whakamahia engines hypergolic Glushko.

Na roto i te tīmatanga o 1976, Heoi, faaoti te kaiārahi Soviet ki te aukati i te hōtaka kaupeka me te arotahi ki runga i te rakau wāhi Soviet mai i i titiro te rakau US rite te riri hōia i te United States. Ahakoa te mutunga "Buran" Ko te tino rite ki te tauwhāinga, hanga Glushko kotahi huringa nui kua tukua nei ki a reira mau tonu tona hōtaka kaupeka.

rakau Soviet

Ko te "Shuttle Space" rakau American ki te rua boosters tākirirangi totoka e rua meneti titaria te kaipuke ki te teitei o 46 km. I muri ratou oko wehenga whakamahia engines kei roto i te wahi aft. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te rakau wāhi, i te iti rawa i roto i te wahi, he ona ake Pūwhakarewa tākirirangi, me te tank wahie waho nui, ki te mea i piri ai, i kore i te pere. Ia te tikanga anake ki te kawe wahie mo te engines matua o te rakau wāhi.

faaoti Glushko ki te hanga i te "Buran" i roto i te whānui, kahore tetahi pūkaha. Ko reira he waka tauihi, hangaia ki te hoki ki te whenua, whakaaturia nei i runga i engines āmionga e titiro rite te tank wahie o te rakau wāhi American. I roto i te meka ko reira he tākirirangi "Energy". I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, te tino kaihoahoa o te Soviet Union hoatu te pūnaha i roto i te akomanga booster waka kōpiko wāhi "Saturn V» kōwae, pea i taea e mahi rite te pūtake mo tona turanga kaupeka tino.

toru o whakatupuranga

He aha te mea he tākirirangi kawe "Energy"? timata Ko tōna whanaketanga, ka arahina Glushko CDBMB (i roto i te meka whakamahia te ingoa "Energy" i roto i te ingoa o te tari NGO hou anōtia roa i mua i te missiles) ka kawea ki reira he hoahoa hou o te tākirirangi rererangi (RLA). I roto i a te wawe 1970 Soviet Union i te iti rawa e toru ngā tākirirangi - whakarerekē i te H-1 ki P-7, "saikolone" me "iraoho." Ko te hanganga rerekē i ia atu katoa o ratou, na ko āhua tiketike ratou utu tiaki. hiahiatia te reira ki te hanga i te marama, reo, taimaha, me te super-taimaha waka whakarewatanga, arā, o tetahi huinga noa o ngā wāhanga mo te toru o nga whakatupuranga o te waka ātea Soviet, a RLA Glushko e tano mo tenei tūranga.

whäki RLA Series "kōmata" OKB Yangelya, engari i ngaro tenei kapeneti whakarewatanga taimaha waka, hanga reira taea ki te whakatairanga i te "Energy". ka mau Glushko tona hoahoa RLA-135, i ngā o te kōwae booster matua nui, me accelerators wetekina, a ano whakaekea reira me ki te modular "kōmata" putanga rite accelerators me nui pere hou, whakawhanakehia i roto i tona tari. Ko te tono i whakaaetia - no te mea whanau "Energía" tākirirangi i.

he tika Korolev

Otiia i Glushko ki te tango i tetahi atu patu ki tona huru. No te tau maha, i raruraru te hōtaka wāhi Soviet mo te take e kore ia i whakaae ki a Sergei Korolev, ko wai i whakapono e te hāora tākirirangi wai nui, me te hauwai ko nga kora pai. arotahi reira, i hanga i roto i te H-1 motors kaihoahoa nui iti mātanga Nikolai Kuznetsov ko VPGlushko i te waikawa hauota me te dimethylhydrazine.

Ahakoa tenei wahie, me te riro painga pērā i te mātotoru me te pai mo te rokiroki, engari kua reira iti pūngao kaha me te ake paitini, i te mea he raruraru nui i roto i te take o te aituā. I tua atu, i hiahia ki te hopu ki te United States ake i te ārahitanga Soviet - i te USSR engines nui i runga i te hāora wai, me te hauwai, ia i roto i te rua me te toru o nga wāhanga o "Saturn V» e whakamahia rite te pūkaha matua "Space rakau. " Tetahi wahi noa, tetahi wahi e tika ana ki te pēhanga tōrangapū tenei, engari Glushko i reira ki te hoatu i roto i tona tautohe ki te Kuini, ko wai hoki e waru nga tau rite reira i kore ora.

10 tau o te whanaketanga

Neke atu i te te tekau tau i muri mai (ko te roa, engari e kore e rawa nui tenei: ki te whakawhanake i "e whitu nga tau ka mau a Saturn V») NPO "Energía" Kua whakawhanakehia he atamira matua nui. i āhua mama, iti te boosters lateral ka whakamahia engines mō te hāora wai me te karahīni, te hanganga o nei i te Soviet Union he wheako nui, a he rite mo tona rere tuatahi i roto i Oketopa 1986 te tākirirangi katoa.

Kia aroha mai, i reira ko kahore ututaumaha hoki ia. Ahakoa ko te whanaketanga o "Energy" me reira etahi raruraru ki te tūranga o te rakau i nui kino "Buran" - e kore i reira tae noa tata ki te otinga. Whakatika ki tenei wāhi i whakamahia te ingoa "Energy" mo te tākirirangi kawe me te rererangi wāhi. Here me te taea pepa Glushko. kihai Rocket i whai ki te tatari hoki ka rite nga atu hawhe. I roto i whakamutunga i te tau o tona hanganga, i whakaritea e te reira ki te hanga i te rere i waho te "Buran".

iwi "Polyus" ringa

I hanga ututaumaha hou "Polyus" i waenganui i te ngahuru tau 1985, me te ngahuru 1986. Ko reira tetahi o te poraka utanga mahi whakawhanake anōtia Vladimir Chelomeya i te kōwae teihana wāhi me te tata e pā ana ki te kōwae o te ISS "Zarya". "Polyus" tikanga i hoki te whānuitanga o ngā tūmomo, engari ko tona mahi matua ki te whakamatautau i te taiaho hauhā 1-MW - patu, whakawhanakehia i roto i te Soviet Union mai 1983. I roto i te meka, kihai i mea katoa rite teimaha rite tangi reira, mai whakahē te USSR te United States mo te rautaki Defence Initiative, a kihai i Mikhail Gorbachev hiahia ki te aituä aha Ameliká taea ako e pā ana ki te aroraa hōia. Taumata i Reykjavik mutu i Oketopa 1986, a ka haere mai tata ki te whakaiti tuwhena o patu karihi te whenua, a i roto i Hakihea 1987 i ratou e pā ana ki ki te faaoti i te whakaaetanga i runga i te whakaiti o missiles reo-whānui. taea ki te aru i ngā taumata, a tae noa te Gorbachev rāhuitia wheako mā te toro Baikonur mo te torutoru nga ra i te aroaro o te tīmatanga wae taiaho Various āta kore whakamahia, i anake. Heoi, ka arahina haerenga a Gorbachev ki te putanga o te missiles ingoa ōkawa (rite te ātete ki te rakau tikanga): puta nga kupu "Energy" i runga i tona tinana tata i mua i te taenga mai o Hekeretari Tianara.

hapa pūmanawa

I tū te whakarewatanga tuatahi o te tākirirangi kawe "Energy" Mei 15, 1987 hoki te ruarua hēkona tuatahi o rere, i mua i te kaipuke i mahue te papa whakarewatanga, ko reira piko e kitea, engari ka whakaritea e ia tona tūranga i muri te whakarewatanga o te pūnaha mana huru pere. I muri i taua, "Energy" rere nehenehe, haere tahi e te kōhiko kotahi, a hohoro ngaro ki te kapua iti. wehea boosters tika (ahakoa mo tenei me te whati i muri kihai i rite rawa ratou ki te hekerangi, e pai tukua ratou re-whakamahi), a ka mahue te atamira matua te rohe o aritanga. I muri tahu tākirirangi wehea i te "pou" me, rite whakaritea, hinga reira ki te Moananui a Kiwa.

"Polyus" paunatia 80 taranata, a ki te tae ohuraa, i ia ki te whakarewa i ona ake engine tākirirangi. Hoki tenei i tika ki te hanga i te tahuri o 180 nekehanga reira, engari no te mea o te hapa te hōtaka i muri i tīmata i te kōwae ka tonu ki te rere, a hei utu neke ki te ohuraa teitei, hinga reira i raro. kōwae utanga a tuki i roto i te Pacific Ocean.

Success?

Ahakoa i taka te tīmatanga-ake, me te, ko he angitu katoa te pere ano. Mahi i runga i te "Buran" tonu, ka oti te nuinga te rakau (rite ki te rere, engari e taea ki te whakaputa nui mana mo te kotahi anake ra i roto i te āmionga) kua hono ki te rua te tākirirangi ki te whakarewa i te misioni unmanned Whiringa 15, 1988. Na te tākirirangi "Energy" i rere ano maitai (ki te huringa i roto i te pūmanawa e e ārai pinakitanga mōrearea i te tīmatanga), me tenei wa ona ututaumaha kihai hoki i whakama, "Buran" u aunoa i Baikonur, e mau ana e rua hohoko huri noa i te whenua e toru haora me rua tekau-rima meneti i muri mai.

Ko te kupu, i te timatanga o 1989 te Soviet Union te tākirirangi kaha tino, tonu te â. taea rere te reira i te rakau ututaumaha rite kawenga orbiters American, a roto ano i taea e arahi ki te āmionga whenua iti 88 taranata o utanga, ki te whakaora 32 toni i runga i te marama (rite ki 118 m me 45 m i "Saturn V» me 92 ranei, 7 m me 23.5 m i te H-1). I whakaritea te reira ki te whakapiki ake i atu tenei taupū ake ki te 100 taranata, a ka whakahaere te mahi i ki te whakatū i te wehenga utanga motuhake taunga hei utu o te "pou". Ko te putanga iti o te pere, ka karanga "Energy-M ', ki tetahi engine, me rua boosters ano i roto i te wāhanga whakamutunga o te whanaketanga, a i taea ki te ahu i te taimaha ututaumaha ake ki 34 taranata.

utu

Kua riro te tiango o te Soviet Union he take nui o te kore kaupapa. Just, i te tīmata ia ki te tiki i runga i ona waewae, engari kua ngaro i te hiahia ki te tiaki i nga ngākau nuitanga haumarutanga o nga superpowers rite te moni e hiahiatia ana mo te nui-tauine misioni pūtaiao. Tētahi atu raruraru i e kua hangaia te "kōmata" boosters e kamupene kei roto i te Ukraine motuhake.

Heoi, ara i mua i te tākirirangi "Energy" riro, kua rongonui nui - ki te kahore he hiahia ki te rere ki te marama, ki te pikitanga e āmio 100 toni o utanga i tikanga. Matou shuttles hoki i whakawhanakehia ai i roto i te wahi tuatahi ko te taua kino rite te US rakau wāhi, engari kihai te tākirirangi i whai i te painga o te tūranga heriheri, rite ko reira i roto i te US i mua i te pahūtanga o te "kaiwero" i roto i te 1986.

tangi o te hepohepo

NGO hepohepo "Energy" taea te takina ki tona misioni whakaarohia:

• Āmionga whakaurunga lasers nui i roto i te tikanga ki te whakahoki i te apa Ozone mō te maha o ngā tekau tau.
• Te hanga i runga i te turanga marama mo te hanga o te haumāmā-3 whakamahia i roto i reactors hononga, whakawhanakehia e te huinga ao, e ka kia rite i 2050.
• Whakarewa o pau wahie karihi ki "puke" i runga i te āmionga Inikisisio.

I roto i te mutunga ka haere ki raro ki te pātai o te mea i pere e taea, e kore i taea e nei hanga iti, waka ātea iti - ia tīmata "Energy" utu 240 miriona $, ara ki te tere overvalued o te RUPO ki te tāra i roto i te mutunga o nga 80s '. Ki te i hanga nga rōnihi anake ka tika, te ihirangi o te tipu mo te hanga o missiles e waiho he papai e kore i taea e kore te Soviet Union ranei Russia utu.

wikitoria Pyrrhic

Ki te whakaae tatou ki te ariā e whawhati ake te Soviet Union i te wahi tuatahi no te mea o fifi pūtea, e taea hoki he tika kia ata ki te mea e te "Energy-Buran" ko tetahi o nga take matua o tenei tiango. Ko tenei kaupapa he tauira o te moni whakakeke e whakangaromia te Soviet Union, me te huru o tona oraraa tonu i faka'ehi'ehi i te whakatinanatanga o taua kaupapa.

I te tahi atu te ringa, pai kia tohe reira e te kino meinga rahi superpower tauhohenga Mikhail Gorbachev i te āhuatanga pūtea o te whenua, me te Soviet Union e mau i ki te ra nei, ahakoa te Politburo i muri Konstantin Chernenko ahu e te tētahi atu.

tirohanga taea

Mahue peka nga whakaaro fantastic whakahuatia i runga ake, "Energy" taea te whakamahi mō te whakarewa ki te ohuraa o tetahi i te torutoru kōwae teihana wāhi nui, ka e e whakaoti hanga kōwae putanga mā te whakamahi i te huinga o "Energía-Buran" ranei: i roto i te mutunga o 1991, Station " Mir-2 "i whakahou ki te whakamahi i ngā kōwae 30-ton.

Ano taea hanga he matau iti, e kore e tū rerekë, i roto i te wahi mua o te tākirirangi.

Glushko rate e te hōtaka wāhi Soviet, pera kua tupu i mua, ka haere i roto i te wa o te huringa, ko tika. I whakawhanake te waka ātea , me te whakarewanga waka mō misioni motuhake atu tōtika, whakaatu ana hītori e i muri ratou hanga whakatika me huarahi hou o te whakamahi i ratou. mate Glushko January 10, 1989, iti iho i te rua marama i muri i te "pūngao" o te tuarua, me te whati whakamutunga.

"Kōmata" kororia

Ki tenei ra, "Energy" e kore riiwhi. "Kōmata", whakamahia rite tona whakatere - te boosters na'ina'i o te ao (2500-3600 $ ia kirokaramu). I roto i te tau 2010, i te NGO "Energy" hokona he wahi i roto i te huinga "Moana Whakarewa" me he inaianei kawenga mō rōnihi i tüäpapa moana, me te te Baikonur Cosmodrome i katatānga.

Ko hoki RD-170, hangaia hoki te "kōmata" me "Energy" tetahi o te pai engines tākirirangi. Ana akatuke'anga taea whakamanamana i te Korean Tonga "Naro-1", te kawe tākirirangi Russian "Angara" me te American "Atlas o te V", e kore e nei whakamahia anake mō ngā take pūtaiao, pērā i tuku i te Rover "Kyuriositi" me te whakarewatanga o te uiuia "Horizons New" pluto engari te hōia US hoki. Ko te rerekētanga i waenganui i 1988 me te i ēnei rā.