Te whakangaromanga - he aha te mea tenei? Types o kinonga me ratou āhuatanga

He pakiaka Latin te kupu "whakangaromanga". Mooni, te tikanga tenei wā "whakangaromanga." Mau, i roto i te tikanga whanui, he whakangaromanga - he takahi o te tapatahi o te hanganga noa patu ranei. Ka taea te mohio ki tenei whakamāramatanga matatau. Hei tauira, ka taea e tatou te mea e te whakangaromanga - ko te arotahi ranei wāhanga (s) o whanonga me te konä tangata, me ngā kaupapa ati, me te whai pānga ahanoa ranei. Kei hea a pehea te whakamahia i tēnei ariā? Mō tenei - i muri mai i roto i te tuhinga.

mōhiohio whānui

Ko te whakaaro tuatahi o te aroaro o te ope tangata me ngā āhuatanga e he arotahi kino i runga i ngā waho ia ranei, i hanga i roto i te pūrākau tahito, kaupapa, karakia. E muri riro ēnei ariā etahi whanaketanga i roto i ngā mara. I roto i te rau tau 20 kua reira kua etahi matauranga whakahoutia. He maha kairangahau huanga tenei puhake ki te ari ngā i roto i te hapori, raruraru Psychoanalytic, rerekē pāpori ati. E tika tata ēnei take whai wāhi whakaaro rerekē o te wā. I roto ia ratou, Jung, Freud, Fromm, Gross, Reich me ētahi atu pūkenga me ngā.

Mahi mahi a te tangata

He aha te mea te whakangaromanga o te tuakiri i roto i te mara umanga? I roto i te tukanga o ngā mahi mahi tohua te huringa o te takitahi ki takitahi. Tikanga, i runga i te ringa kotahi, whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga me te hanganga o te tuakiri. I te tahi atu, te rerengamahi te kino i runga i te tangata i roto i te tikanga ā-tinana, me te hinengaro. Ko te kupu, e taea te tuhia te reira e puta te panoni tuakiri i roto i ngā tohutohu ritenga ki tetahi ki tetahi. I roto i te rohe o te whanaketanga mahi o te taputapu whai hua tino ko te hunga e whai wāhi ana ki te whakapakari i te au mohio tuatahi i roto i te whakaiti i roto i te rua i te iti. āta e kinonga Ngaio whiwhi huringa kino i roto i te huru, me ara o te ora. puta tenei āhuatanga rite ki te hua o tuhia te momo kotahi o te mahi mo te wā roa. Ka rite ki te hua, i hanga te kounga mahi e hiahiatia. whai wāhi ratou ki te whanaketanga me te whakapakari o mōrearea hinengaro, me te mānukanuka. Ko e me'a ia te mahi i roto i te mara o te whakangaromanga.

rongoā

I roto i ētahi wā, ka taea e te tukanga kino whai wāhi ki te whakakorenga o etahi ngā kino. I roto i ngā, kitea tenei pānga kei roto i te rongoa. Ka taea e kia whai hua i te whakangaromanga? meinga ana tēnei āhuatanga e te āta tono, mo te tauira, i roto i te gynecology. I roto i te maimoatanga o ngā pathologies, te whakamahi i tākuta tikanga rerekē. Ko tētahi o ratou ko te whakangaromanga irirangi-auau. Kei te whakamahia te reira i roto i mate pērā i cysts i roto i te taiepa tara, kiritona, horo, dysplasia. whakangaromanga waha tana ngaru ko te ara ongonoa, me te tere ki te pānga i runga i te wāhi kua pā. Tenei tikanga o te maimoatanga o pathologies taea te ara wahine nulliparous tūtohutia.

matepukupuku

E haere tahi tokomaha mate i te whakangaromanga kiko. Taua mate ngā mate pukupuku, me te. Ko tētahi take ngā ko te puku (sarcoma) Ewing. Tenei puku wheua a tawhio pūtau. Ko te tairongo ki te radiation tenei puku. I roto i te rite ki te tahi atu malignancies puta tenei māuiuitanga i roto i te āhua taitamariki tau, i waenganui i nga tau 10 me te 20. Tahi na roto i te huamo o te wheua e alangá kua pā, engari ka taea e hoki te whakawhanake i roto i te tahi atu wāhi. Neoplasm kau Tuitui whakaritea pūtau porotaka. Ko te tohu tino āhuatanga ngā ngawhatanga me te here. Sarcoma au rerekē ki te tohatoha nui, me te i roto i ētahi wā e hipokina te tari pokapū katoa o te wheua roa. I runga i te radiograph kore e te wāhi kua pā titiro rite whānuitia rite te mea i roto i te mooni. Ki te awhina o MRI me CT e whakaritea e nga rohe o te māuiuitanga. tahi te mate e te whakangaromanga wheua lytic. whakaaro ana tēnei huringa te ki hei te āhuatanga tino o tenei mate. Heoi, i reira e i roto i ētahi wā, me te "māhunga" papa maha o wheua, i hanga i raro i te kiriuhi wheua. Me kï reira e no mua huringa raraunga ki te tohu haumanu matarohia. Me hāngai te tātaritanga i runga i unuhanga. Ko tenei e tika ana ki te meka e taea te kitea he tauira rite o te X-ray ki te papamuri o te tahi atu wheua puku repara. Treatment tā te whakamahi o ngā rerekē o radiation, hahau me ngā tūāhua hāparapara. Ko te whakamahi o te matatini o mehua whakaora faaore te māuiuitanga o neke atu i te 60% o tūroro he ahua rohe tuatahi o te sarcoma o Ewing.

whakangaromanga matū

Ka taea te kite i tēnei āhuatanga i raro i te mana o ngā māngai. I roto i ngā, ngā enei wai, te hāora, ngā waiwaihā, waikawa, me ētahi atu. Te pānga tinana, me te taea hoki te mahi pera he kaihoko haamou. Hei tauira, i roto i te tino rongonui kia whakahuatia ai ionizing radiation, marama, wera, pūngao pūkaha. whakangaromanga Chemical - he tukanga e e wahi e kore tīpakongia ngā pānga tinana. Ko e tika ana ki te noho tata whanaunga o nga āhuatanga pūngao o te whanaungatanga katoa tenei.

Kinonga o waerau

whakaaro ana tēnei tukanga te ki hei te tino ako ki te rā. I roto i tenei take, kite te selectivity ari. tahi ana te tukanga e te whaturama o here waro-heteroatom. hua whakangaromanga i roto i tenei take ko te waetahi. ātete nui nui ki āpiha matū kitea i roto i te here waro-waro. I roto i tenei take whakangaromanga - taea anake i raro i ngā āhuatanga pākaha ranei i te aroaro o te rōpū taha e whakaiti here kaha pūhui mekameka matua he tukanga.

whakarōpū

E ai ki nga āhuatanga o ngā hua kinonga e wehea depolymerization me te whakangaromanga i tupurangi. I roto i te take whakamutunga, e pā ana te reira ki te tukanga i ko te kōaro o te tauhohenga polycondensation. I roto i te reira e hanga e kongakonga he nui atu i te kōwae monomeric nei āhuatanga. whakaaro te tukanga depolymerization te ki puta raupapa detaching i te waetahi mata mekameka. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, e te tauhohe wahi, te hononga ritenga o te hononga i roto i te polymerization. Enei momo o kinonga taea puta rānei wā kotahi motuhake ranei. I tua atu i enei e rua, pea te toru o āhuatanga. I roto i tenei take, e pā ana te reira ki te whakangaromanga o te hononga ngoikore e he reira i roto i te pokapū o te macromolecule. I roto i te tukanga o te whakangaromanga i hononga matapōkere puta maturuturunga iho feunga tere i roto i te taimaha rāpoi waerau. A, no te he nui pōturi depolarization o tenei pānga. Hei tauira, polymethyl methacrylate he taimaha o 44,000 rāpoi, he tata tonu ra ano te kau ina kua haere te depolymerization 80% te tohu o polymerization o te taonga wäriu.

kinonga waiariki

I roto i te parau tumu e kore e nga pūhui ki te wāwāhi i raro i te wera rerekē i pūwaro papatanga, te huarahi mekameka whakatakotoria nei ki te tino pūmau. I roto i runga ki te hanganga matū o te waerau takoto e ratou ātete ki te wera, te tere o te pirau, me nga āhuatanga o te hua i hanga i roto i te tukanga. Te taahiraa matamua, Heoi, ka tonu kia te hanganga o Radicals free. Te whakanui ake i te tauhohenga tahi he ara iahiko decoupling me te hekenga i roto i te taimaha rāpoi. Ka taea e arumanga puta i disproportionation tauhono o Radicals free ranei. I roto i tenei take, te huringa o te hanganga hautanga kia puta, ko te hanganga o ngā hanganga mokowā me branched a kia puta rua here i te pito o te macromolecules.

Matū e pa ana i te auau o te tukanga

I roto i waiariki kinonga, rite ki tetahi whakaterenga mekameka tauhohe puta i te utu o ngā wāhanga e taea o ngāwari te fatifati ki Radicals free. Kei te tuhia hoki whakapōturinga i te aroaro o te pūhui e he acceptors. Ko te kupu, hei tauira, whakanui i te auau faafariuraa i raro i te mana o te rapa tuhia azo me wāhanga diazo. I roto i te para i te waerau i te pāmahana i te 80 ki te 100 nekehanga ki te aroaro o enei tīmata tohua kinonga anake. Ki te whakanui ake i te kukū o te pūhui i roto i te otinga i matua tauhohe intermolecular ārahi ki gelation me te hanganga o te hanganga mokowā. I roto i te tukanga o te papatanga waiariki o waerau tahi ki te whakaiti i roto i te taimaha rāpoi toharite, me te kitea i te huringa hanganga te depolymerization (wāhinga waetahi). I te pāmahana o neke atu i te 60 nga nekehanga ka te whāwehe poraka o methyl methacrylate i te aroaro o te benzoyl hauwai pai Aukatihia ai mekameka i disproportionation. Ka rite ki te hua, kia whai hawhe o nga rāpoi te here rua kāpeka. I roto i tenei take, riro te reira kitea e rapua e iti iho i te te rāpoi ngota kukū, te pūngao whakahohenga te macromolecular āputa.