Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky: biography, whakatutukitanga pūtaiao me meka ngā o te ora

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863-1945) - he tangata tohe Russian ao-rongonui, me te taiao o. ka mau ia ki te wahi kaha i roto i te ora pāpori o te whenua. Ko te reira i te kaiwhakaū tino o te complexes nui o Sciences whenua. Ana ngā wāhanga o te ako ngā ahumahi pēnei i:

• biogeochemistry;
• geochemistry;
• radiogeology;
• hydrogeology.

Ko ia te kaihanga o te nuinga o ngā kura pūtaiao. Mai 1917 Ko te academician o te Russian Academy o Sciences, a i roto i 1925 - i te Academy o Pūtaiao o te USSR.

I te 1919 ka e ia te noho tuatahi o te Academy o Pūtaiao o Ukraine, ka - Ahorangi o te Moscow Institute. Heoi, rihaina ia. Tenei tohu Ko te tohu o te whakahe ki te tūkino o ngā ākonga.

Whakaraupapahia whakaaro ka Vladimira Ivanovicha Vernadskogo te tīmatanga mo te whanaketanga o hou pikitia pūtaiao o te ao. Kua te whakaaro matua o te kaipūtaiao kua ngātahi ngā ariā whanaketanga pūtaiao pērā i te ao koiora. E ai ki a ia, tautuhi te wā he ora fenua nei anga o te whenua. Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich ( "noosphere" Ko ano he wā whakaurua e te kaipūtaiao) kua ako matatini katoa, e whai wāhi nui e kore e ora anga anake, engari ano hoki i te take tangata. Mau Haapiiraa ahorangi kia whakaaro nui, me te tika o te whanaunga tangata me te taiao e kore i taea e whai i te mana nui i runga i te hanganga o te mahara pūtaiao tūturu o te tangata whaitake katoa.

Vernadsky ko te tautoko kaha o cosmism Russian, e hāngai ana nei i runga i te whakaaro o te kotahitanga o nga hanganga me o tangata katoa. Hoki, ko Vladimir te rangatira o te kaupapa, me te Rīpera Zemsky-Democrats Kaupapa Ture. riro ia te State paraihe o te USSR i 1943.

Childhood me tamarikitanga o te academician heke mai

whanau Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich (fakapapau'i haurongo tenei) i roto i St Petersburg i runga i Maehe 12 1863 tau. noho ia i roto i te utuafare pai. Ko tona papa he ohanga, me tona whaea - te wahine Russian tuatahi ki te ōhanga tōrangapū. E tika ngā mātua o ngā kōhungahunga publicists pai-mohiotia me economists me kore wareware ana takenga.

E ai ki te kōrero te whānau, Taketake whanau Vernadsky i te gentry Lithuanian Verna, e papahoro ki nga Cossacks me nga amo i mahi i hoki ratou tautoko Bogdana Hmelnitskogo.

I roto i te 1873, ka anga to matou aamu hero ana akoranga i te kura Kharkov. A i roto i te 1877-m i takoha tona whānau ki te neke ki St Petersburg. I taua wa, whakauru Vladimir i te kura nui, me te pai puta. I roto i te pa i runga i te Neva papa Vernadsky - Ivan - whakatuwheratia e ia tona ake kamupene whakaputa, i huaina "whare tā Slavic", me te rite i roto i te tiaki o te toa pukapuka i runga i te Nevsky Prospekt.

I te tau o ma toru i roto i te academician heke timata ki te whakaatu i te moni i roto i te hītori taiao, Silaví, me te he ora pāpori kaha.

1881 I taonga i roto i ngā kaupapa. katia te aukatinga te moheni o tona papa, e i te wa ano e pararutiki hoki. Na ka patua e ia Alexander II. rite Vernadsky ia pai te haere nga whakamātautau tomokanga, a ka anga tona ora ākonga i St Petersburg University.

Ko te hiahia ki te riro i te kaipūtaiao

Vernadsky, ko tona haurongo he rite rongonui rite ana whakatutukitanga pūtaiao, timata ana akoranga i te University o St Petersburg i 1881. I waimarie ki te tiki ki kauhau Mendeleev, e whakatenatena nga ākonga, me ki te whakakaha ratou whaiaro whakawhirinaki-a whakaako āta hinga fifi ia.

I roto i te 1882, ka whakapumautia te Scientific me Literary Society i te whare wānanga i roto i i a Vernadsky te honore ki te arahi mineralogy. kumea ana Ahorangi Dokuchaev whakarongo ki te meka e ako te ākonga taitamariki ki te mau tukanga māori. ka wheako nui mō te Vladimir whakaritea he ahorangi te ope, e e taea ai ngā ākonga ki te whai i te tau torutoru ki te tiki i roto i te ara arowhenua tuatahi.

I roto i te 1884 riro Vernadsky he kaimahi o te rūnanga mineralogical o St Petersburg University, tango painga o te tuku o te taua Dokuchaeva. I roto i te taua tau tae mai ia ki riro o te whenua. A e rua nga tau i muri mai ki te marena te kotiro ataahua Natalia Staritskaya. Maoro to ratou he tama George, e i roto i te heke mai ka riro i te orometua i University Yale.

I roto i te Maehe 1888 Vernadsky (whakaahua ana biography tona haere o te ora) haere i runga i te haerenga pakihi, ka tae mai Vienna, Naples ko Munich. Ko te kupu tīmata tana mahi i roto i te taiwhanga o mātauranga tioata ki waho.

A, i muri i te otinga angitu o te tau whare wānanga mātauranga whakatau Vernadsky ki ora i runga i te haerenga ki Europa ki te haere ki te Mineralogical Museum. I roto i te tere, tae ia te Conference Tuarima o te hui International Geological, i tangohia e wahi i roto i Ingarangi. Here i uru ia ki te Association Ingarangi o Science.

University Moscow

ka Vladimir Vernadsky, tae i roto i te Moscow, he pūkenga i te University o Moscow, tango i te wahi o tona papa. I roto i tona kainga ko he taiwhanga matū nui, me te ako mineralogical. Hohoro (kihai i ano koiora kia nui iteresovala pūtaiao taitamariki) Vernadsky Vladimir Ivanovich timata ki te kauwhau i te manga hauora, me te tinana-pāngarau. pai korero ākonga o te matauranga nui me te whai hua, i hoatu te kaiako.

whakaahuatia Vernadsky te mineralogy rite te ako pūtaiao e taea ki te ako kohuke pērā i te taiao pūhui kirinuku.

I roto i 1902, te aito o to tatou aamu toketā i roto i te mātauranga tioata, ka meinga he orometua tonu. I te wa ano, ka mau ia ki tetahi wahi i roto i te Congress o tohunga pūtaiao i huri noa te ao, i tangohia e wahi i roto i Moscow.

I roto i 1892 Vernadsky i te utuafare i te tamaiti tuarua - he tamahine, Nina. I taua wa, ko kua iwa tau te tama mātāmua.

I maoro tuhipoka te ahorangi e "tupu" i te wehenga i te pūtaiao hou katoa i te mineralogy. Ko tōna parau tumu, ka mea ia ki te Congress muri o tākuta me pūtaiao. Mai reira, he ahumahi hou - geochemistry.

Mei 4, ka 1906 Vladimir Ivanovich ahorangi kaiāwhina i roto i mineralogy i te St Petersburg Academy o Sciences. Reira pōtitia hoki te upoko o te Tari o Mineralogy Geological Museum. I roto i te 1912 Vernadskii (haurongo reira - tohu Direct) riro mātauranga.

Haere huri noa i te ao, kohikohi te pūtaiao, me te hopoi mai te kāinga te kohinga tino kanorau o kohatu. A i 1910, i te tuwhera taiao Italian karanga Vladimir Ivanovich kohuke "vernadskitom".

Ana mahi whakaako i Moscow University ahorangi oti i roto i te tau 1911. Ko reira i roto i tenei wā, patua te kāwanatanga te ohanga Cadet. I roto i te tautohe o te wahi runga i mahue te toru o nga kaiwhakaako.

Life i roto i St. Petersburg

I roto i te Mahuru 1911, te pūtaiao Vladimir Vernadsky oho ki St Petersburg. Ko tētahi o nga take i whai paanga te ahorangi, ko te huringa o te Mineralogical Museum o te Academy o Sciences i roto i te whare ao. I roto i te 1911, riro te whare taonga he maha ngā record o ngā kohuke kohikohinga - 85. I roto ratou i nga toka o te take mai extraterrestrial (meteorites). Ko te whakaaturanga Kua kitea i roto i Russia kore anake, engari kawemai hoki i Madagascar, Itari me Norway. Ki nga kohikohinga hou o te Museum o St Petersburg hei kua tetahi o te pai i roto i te ao. I roto i te 1914, e tika ana ki te hua i roto i te kaimahi i hanga Mineralogical me Geological Museum. ka Vernadsky tona kaiwhakahaere.

I roto i tona noho i roto i te St Petersburg pūtaiao tamata ki te waihanga i te Lomonosov Institute, i ko ki ngā o te maha tari: matū, tinana, me te mineralogical. Ko, kāore, i te kāwanatanga Russian i kore e hiahia ana ki te horo'ai ki ana pūtea.

Mai te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao, ka anga taurewa mo te konutuki i roto i Russia ki peka tino, ki tere wahia iho e tika ana ki tāwāhi ki whakamarama o pūtaiao. Vernadsky whakaaro ki te waihanga i tētahi komiti ki ako i te taiao ope hua o Russia. Ko te Poari, i ngā o rima tekau-ono tangata, i ahu e te kaiputaiao. A i tenei wa ka timata Vladimir ki te mārama me pēhea te ora pūtaiao, me te tūmatanui katoa te hanga. Ahakoa te meka e te kino katoa i roto i Russia, te Kōmihana, i runga i te anga ke, whakawhānui. A i roto i te 1916 i taea e ki te whakarite ma wha waitaua pūtaiao ki ngā wāhanga ngā o te whenua ia. I roto i te wā kotahi, i taea ki te takoto i te turanga mo te pūtaiao katoa hou academician Vernadsky - biogeochemistry, i ko ki ako i te taiao e kore e anake, engari ano hoki te āhua o te tangata ia ia.

tūranga Vernadsky i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao Ukrainian

I roto i te 1918 Vernadsky whare, hanga i roto i Poltava, i mongamonga ahau e nga mua. Ahakoa ahakoa te meka i roto i Ukraine haere mai nga Tiamana, i taea ki te whakarite e rave rahi ngā haerenga papawhenua, me te ki te hanga i te whakaaturanga i runga i te kaupapa "Te oraraa mea" te kaipūtaiao.

I muri i te huringa o te kaha, a ka anga ka ki hei rangatira te Hetman Skoropadsky, i whakaritea e te reira ki te whakarite i te Ukrainian Academy o Sciences. Ko te mahi nui i tukua ki Vernadsky tenei. Scientists whakapono e e kia te nuinga otinga pai ki te tango i te tauira o te Russian Academy o Sciences. Tenei whare i ki whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga o te tikanga rawa, me te wairua o te iwi, me te he hua i roto i te ope hua. Vernadsky, tona haurongo ko te haamauraa o te mau ohipa e rave rahi e haere i runga i roto i Ukraine, whakaae ki te tango i te taua mea nui, engari i runga i te huru e kore ia e meinga te tangata o Ukraine.

I te 1919, ka whakatuwheratia e ia te UAS, me te te whare pukapuka pūtaiao. I te wa ano, kei te mahi aivanaa i runga i te kitea o te maha wānanga i roto i Ukraine. Heoi, ara kihai i nui tenei ki a Vernadsky. whakatau ia ki te whakamātau ki te mea ora. A ka hoatu e tetahi o taua ngā te hua rawa ngā, me te nui. Otiia ki te haerenga mai o nga mua kei roto i riro kino Kiev, na oho Vladimir ki te teihana koiora i roto i Staroselie. taruke fakatu'utāmaki ohorere ia ki te haere ki te Crimea, te wahi i tatari tana wahine, me te tamahine.

Pūtaiao ko Philosophy

whakapono Vladimir Vernadsky taua rapunga whakaaro me te pūtaiao - e rua ara tino rerekē ki te mohio te ao o te tangata enei. E ratou taonga rerekē o te rangahau. Otiia he kaupapa kahore rohe, me te whakaata mea katoa. Na pūtaiao, i rerekē, kua he tepe - te ao tūturu. Otiia i te wa ano, he hia nga ariā e rua. Philosophy - he ahua o te taiao "kai" mo te pūtaiao. fokotu'u Scientists i taua ora - ko reira te wahi ano o te ao mure ore, rite pūngao faufaa ranei.

I roto i nga tau whakamutunga o tona ora, ua faaite Vladimir Ivanovich tona whakaaro philosophic o escalating wāhanga o te ora i roto i te rohe o te hinengaro, e ko te ao koiora ki te noosphere. whakapono ia e te whakaaro tangata - ko te kaha ārahi o te kukuwhatanga tenei, na kua whakakapia te tukanga māori e matau.

Geochemistry me te Kōhaumataora

I roto i te 1924, whakaputaina Vladimir Vernadsky he pukapuka e tika ana "Geochemistry". i tuhituhia mahi i roto i French me tukua i roto i Paris. e toru anake nga tau i muri mai, ka puta "tuhinga roa i runga i Geochemistry" i roto i te Russian.

I roto i tenei pūtaiao mahi generalizes mōhiohio mahi, me te ariā e mo te ngota kirinuku, me te ako i te geospheres hanganga tūturu. I roto i tenei mahi ano i hoatu ai ki te ariā o "ora mea" - he huinga o ngā rauropi e taea te ako i roto i te ara ano rite tetahi atu mea: te whakaahua ratou taimaha, hanganga matū me te pūngao. Kua tautuhia Geochemistry rite te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te hanganga matū me te ture o te whakatö o te huānga matū i runga i te whenua. E taea ki te taupoki ana katoa o te anga tukanga Geochemical. whakaaro te tukanga wehenga tino mīharo te matū i roto i solidification me te tautauā. Na ko te puna o nga tukanga geochemical katoa te whakaaro ki te hei i te pūngao o te ra, mahara, me te wera konei.

Mā te whakamahi i te ture o te tohatoha o ngā āhuatanga matū, kei te whanake pūtaiao Russian matapae geochemical, me te huarahi ki te kitea kohuke.

hanga Vernadsky he mutunga e taea anake te tīariari i tetahi faaiteraa o te ora i roto i te puka o te ao koiora - he pūnaha nui o "rohe ora". I te tau 1926, whakaputaina ahorangi he pukapuka "Kōhaumataora" i roto i i tuhia e ia nga taketake katoa o tona mau haapiiraa. riro te whakaputanga he iti, te tuhituhi i roto i te reo auaha ohie. arahina te reira ki te ahuareka o maha kaipānui.

whakatakoto Vernadsky haputanga biogeochemical o te ao koiora. I roto i te reira i kitea te ariā rite te taonga ora, arā, o te momo o ngā āhuatanga matū kitea i roto i te kaiao ora katoa i roto i te taupori.

biogeochemistry

Biogeochemistry Ko te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te hanganga, hanganga, te ngako o te mea ora. Kua tāutuhia Scientists e rave rahi parau tumu faufaa, e whakaatu ana i te tauira o te ao.

He aha ka korerotia Vladimir Vernadsky?

Ko te ao koiora - te taiao ora o te whenua - e kore e hoki mai ki tona āhua mua, na taui te wa katoa. Ko mea ora kua he pānga geochemical tamau i runga i te ao huri noa ia tatou.

kōhauhau o te whenua - he hanganga biogenic, rite te pakanga mo te hāora huri noa te ao, ko te atu nui atu i te whawhai mo te kai.

Ko te tino kaha, me te kanorau kaha ora i roto i te ao ko te kitakita, tuwhera noa Leeuwenhoek.

I roto i te 1943, whakawhiwhia te pūtaiao i te Whakatau me te Stalin paraihe. Ko te hawhe tuatahi o te utu palōfesa hoatu i roto i te ārai Pūtea Homeland me te tuarua pau i runga i te hoko o ngā kohinga arowhenua o te Russian Academy o Sciences.

parau haapiiraa o Vernadsky e pā ana ki te ao koiora me te noosphere

Noosphere - he kōpaki papawhenua integrated o te whenua, i hanga nei e rite ki te hua o ngā mahi ahurea me te hangarau o te taata, me te ari tūturu me ngā tukanga. Ko te koā ko tino nui o te ariā, ko te tūranga o te mana mohio o te tangata i runga i te taiao.

tirohia te haapiiraa tumu o Vernadsky e pā ana ki ao koiora me te noosphere te putanga o te mahara rite ki te hua o te whanaketanga arorau. Hoki i taea e ki te matapae i te roha o te rohe o te noosphere, tikanga whiwhi te tangata ki te wāhi ahorangi. E ai ki a Vernadsky, ko te noosphere te turanga o te au maite o te ataahua tūturu me te tangata. Na reira, taata farii ki take, kia tupato ki tenei au maite, me te kore ki te whakangaro i te reira.

Ko te tīmatanga mo te putanga o te noosphere ko te putanga i roto i te ora tangata o te taputapu tuatahi, me te ahi - na ka tahuri ia ki te painga o te kararehe, me te tipu ao, timata tukanga kaha o te hanganga o te uwhi me te domestication o kararehe. A inaianei e kore e timata te tangata ki te mahi rite te oranga kouma, ka rite ki te kaihanga.

Ko te pūtaiao e mahi ki te ako o nga mahi kino o te taata nei i runga i te taiao, puta i muri i te matenga o Vernadsky, a huaina mātauranga rauropi. Otiia e kore e tenei pūtaiao ako i te mahi arowhenua o te iwi, me ona mau hopearaa.

Koha ki te pūtaiao

hanga Vladimir Ivanovich kua maha ngā āhuatanga nui. Mai i 1888 ki te 1897 whakawhanakehia te pūtaiao te ariā o silicates, whakaritea te whakarōpū o pūhui siliceous, a whakaurua hoki te ariā o te karihi kaolin.

I roto i te 1890-1911 gg. riro ia te kaiwhakarewa mineralogy iranga tāuta hononga motuhake i waenganui i te tikanga kohuke whātioatanga, me te tona hanganga, me te hanganga Genesis.

kaipūtaiao Russian Ua tauturu Vernadsky whakarite me te hanganga mohio i roto i te mara o te geochemistry. Ko te kairangahau tuatahi whakahaere he ako katoa e kore kōhauhau o te whenua anake, engari ano hoki te lithosphere me ōnuku. I te tau 1907 tohua te timatanga o te radiogeology.

I roto i te tau 1916-1940 tautuhi nga parau tumu matua o biogeochemistry, a ko te kaituhi o te parau haapiiraa o te ao koiora me tona kukuwhatanga. Vernadskiy Vladimir Ivanovich, te whakatuwheratanga o i patua te ao katoa, i taea ki te ako i te ihirangi ine o te āhuatanga ora o te tinana, me te mahi geochemical e mahi ratou. whakaurua e ia te ariā o te whakawhitinga o te ao koiora ki te noosphere.

He kupu ruarua e pā ana ki te ao koiora

Ko te hanganga o te ao koiora, kia rite ki tata e Vladimir Ivanovich, i whitu momo matua o te rauemi:

1. ngota marara.
2. Matū hua i ora.
3. Ko te āhuatanga o te take rangi.
4. Matū i hanga waho te ora.
5. Elements o mehanga iratuki.
6. Biokostnye.
7. Ora taonga.

He aha i Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, e matau ana nga tangata whaiaro-mo. whakapono ia e taea nga mea ora whakawhanake anake i roto i te wāhi tūturu, āhuatanga nei i te he tetahi hanganga. Ko te hanganga matū o te mea ora hāngai ki te wāhi, Heoi atu matū, te atu o taua wāhi.

Ko tahi te whakawhitinga o te ao koiora ki te noosphere i na te maha o ngā āhuatanga:

1. Whakataunga o Homo sapiens puta noa te mata o te ao whenua, kia rite ki te pai kia rite ki tona wikitoria me faatîtîraa i runga i ētahi atu taata ora.
2. Creation o te pūnaha mōhiohio kotahi mo te katoa o te tangata.
3. Ko te kitea o ngā mātāpuna hou o te pūngao (pērā i ngā Nuclear). I muri taua te ahunga whakamua kua riro te taata i te ope arowhenua rawa nui, me te kaha.
4. Ko te kaha ki te whakahaere i te tini tangata.
5. Growth i roto i te tokomaha o te iwi e mahi i roto i te pūtaiao. homai ano hoki tenei take e fa'ahinga te ope arowhenua hou.

Vladimir Vernadsky, tona takoha ki te koiora he tino taonga, ko anaanatae a whakapono e te whanaketanga tina heke o te matauranga pūtaiao - ko tenei te taunakitanga nui anake vai te ahunga whakamua.

mutunga

Vernadsky Prospekt - te ara roa i roto i Moscow, e arata'i ki te tonga-hauauru o te whakapaipai. e Ko tōna takenga e pā ana ki Geochemistry Institute, tona kaiwhakarewa me-pūtaiao kore, ka mutu ki te Academy o te General kaimahi. Ko te kupu, tohu te reira i te takoha o Vernadsky i te pūtaiao, whakaaturia nei i roto i te korero o te whenua. I roto i tenei tohu ai, kia rite ki moe o te kaiputaiao, i reira e rave rahi ngā whare rangahau me ngä whare wänanga whakaako.

Ko te whanui, me te kanorau o te tirohanga pūtaiao o ngā āhuatanga pūtaiao utu Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky o, pea, motu ke i te tahi atu pūtaiao nui o to tatou wa. Te nuinga hoki ana whakatutukitanga, ka whakawhetai ki te ana ngā kaiako. Pinepine whawhai ia mo nga ora o tona hoa, me ngā ākonga e pārurenga o te pūnaha whiu. Ngā mihi ki te ngakau kanapa, me ngā āheinga tino, tahi ki ētahi atu kaipūtaiao i taea e ki te hanga i tētahi pūtahi rangahau kaha o te faufaa ao.

mutu o tenei tangata ora koimutu.

Hakihea 25, ka ui 1944 Vladimir Ivanovich tana wahine ki te kawe mai te taofe. A, ia ia i haere ki te kīhini, ko te kaipūtaiao te pakaruhanga toto roro. pono te aitua rite tona papa, me te tama i wehi ki te mate i te mate taua. I muri i te raruraru, i ora te pūtaiao mō te kotahi tekau ma toru nga ra, a kore ka whai mahara. mate Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky January 6, 1945.