Rutherford tauira planetary o te ngota tauira Rutherford

Ngā āhuatanga i roto i te mara o te hanganga ngota, e taahiraa rahi i roto i te whanaketanga o te ahupūngao. faufaa rahi i tauira o Rutherford. Ngota rite te pūnaha o matūriki, me ona wāhanga kua ako tata atu me i roto i te taipitopito. Kua arahina tenei ki te whakatū angitu o te pūtaiao rite ahupūngao karihi.

Ko te whakaaro tawhito e pā ana ki te hanganga o te mea

Ko te whakaaro e kua tito tinana e karapoti ana o korakora iti e i hanga i roto i nga wa onamata. Whakaaro ka ngota kanohi rite iti rawa nga matūriki wehewehe o tetahi taonga. tohe ratou e kahore he mea i roto i te ao ko te iti i roto i te rahi atu i te ngota. E puritia e te pūtaiao nui Kariki me philosopho taua whakaaro - Democritus, Lucretius, Epicurus. Whakapae enei whakaaro piri tenei ra i raro i te ingoa "atomism tawhito."

ngā wharekarakia

Kua haere nga wa onamata, a i roto i te anotau Middle i hoki pūtaiao e whakahuatia rerekē whakapae e pā ana ki te hanganga o te mea. Heoi, ko te predominance o tirohanga fakalotu, me te taumauri o te mana hahi i roto i te wā o te hītori i roto i te tupu tetahi ngana ki te pehi me te wawata o te whakaaro tangata ki kitenga pūtaiao fakamatelié me ngā āhuatanga. Ka rite ki mohiotia te, te wharekarakia whakataki rawa rüpahu mahi ki ngā māngai o te ao pūtaiao i te wa. tonu te reira ki te mea e ko aua ra ka haere mai hinengaro kanapa i te whakaaro tawhito o te indivisibility o te ngota.

Studies tau 18-19

i tohua rau tau 18 e ngā āhuatanga nui i roto i te mara o te hanganga pūmotu o mea. Te nuinga e tika ana ki te mau tautooraa o pūtaiao pērā i Antuan Lavuaze, Mikhail Lomonosov ko Dzhon Dalton. Takitahi o ia atu, i taea e ki te whakamatau e te tīari tino ngota ratou. Ko te pātai o ratou hanganga ā-noho tuwhera. I tohua te mutunga o te rau tau 18 e te taua hui nui i roto i te ao pūtaiao, rite te kitea o D. I. Mendeleevym tepu wā o ngā huānga matū. Ko reira pono he pakaruhanga kaha taua wa ki ara te arai i runga i te matauranga e ngota katoa i te āhua kotahi, e pā ana ratou ki tetahi ki tetahi. I muri mai, i roto i te rau tau 19, tetahi taahiraa nui ki te hurahura te hanganga o te ngota ko taunakitanga e te hanganga o tetahi tetahi o ratou, ko te irahiko reira. Ko te mahi o pūtaiao o tenei wā whakaputaina he whenua hua mo nga āhuatanga o te rau tau 20.

ngā Thomson

ahupūngao Ingarangi Dzhon Tomson i 1897 whakamatauria e te hanganga o ngā ngota ngā irahiko ki te tiaki tōraro. I tenei wā, he ariā teka e te ngota - whakawhāiti wehe m tetahi taonga i hopea ngaro. Kia pehea te i i taea ki te whakamatau i te oraraa o te irahiko Thomson? haere pūtaiao hoatu i roto i ana ngā i roto i te tino rarefied hau electrodes me nāianei hiko te. Ko te hua ko te hihi pitoiho. āta ako Thomson ratou āhuatanga, ka kitea e te hunga e ratou he awa o korakora whakatupato e neke i te tere nui. te whakahaere Scientific ki te tātai i te papatipu o enei matūriki me ratou tiaki. kitea e ia ano i roto i e kore e taea te tahuri ratou ki te matūriki kūpapa, hei tiaki hiko - ko te pūtake o to ratou natura. Na i he tuwhera nga irahiko. Ko hoki Thomson te kaihanga o te tauira hanganga ngota tuatahi o te ao. E ai ki reira, ngota - he katinga pai whakatupato mea, e kua tohaina irahiko mangai tōraro i ako. E whakamārama ana tēnei i te hanganga whānui o ngota kūpapa, rite whakakore ritenga utu tahi i te tahi i roto i. Ngā Dzhona Tomsona ka faufaa tino taonga mo te ako atu o te hanganga o te ngota. Heoi, noho pahonohia maha pātai.

rangahau Rutherford

kitea Thomson te oraraa o te irahiko, otiia kihai i kitea e ia i roto i te ngota pai whakatupato matūriki. Ernest Rutherford fakatonutonu tenei hape i roto i te tau 1911. I roto i ngā ako i te mahi o te Arepa-matūriki i roto i te haurehu, kua kitea taua mea e reira he matūriki i te ngota, te pai i ako. kitea Rutherford e na roto i te haere i te kurupae i roto i te hau i roto i te pereti whakarewa kikokore ranei ko te ine mahora koi o te nui iti o matūriki i te ara o te kaupapa. Ratou tika hoki maka. kitenga i te pūtaiao i tenei whanonga ko e tika ana ki te taupatupatunga ki te matūriki pai i ako. Ka taea taua ngā physicists ki whakatauira te hanganga o te ngota Rutherford.

tauira planetary

Na te Academic ahua rerekē i whakapae i hanga e John Thomson. tauira rerekē o te rino, me ratou ngota. wheako o Rutherford tukua ki a ia te hanga i tētahi ariā katoa hou i roto i tenei mara. i tino hira hoki te whanaketanga atu o te ahupūngao Discovery kaipūtaiao. tauira a Rutherford whakamārama ana ngota rite te karihi tikanga i te pokapū, me te neke a tawhio noa irahiko. Ko te matua kua he tiaki pai, me ngā irahiko - tōraro. riro Model ngota Rutherford irahiko tītaka huri noa te matua i runga i etahi trajectories - āmiotanga. Whakatuwhera i te pūtaiao i tauturu whakamārama i te take mo te ine o korakora ārepa me ko te hiringa mo te whanaketanga o te ariā karihi o te ngota. I roto i te tauira ngota a Rutherford te faaauraa ki te nekehanga o te aorangi o te pūnaha solar huri noa te ra. Ko reira tino tika, me te whakarite marama. ingoa tauira ngota reira Rutherford e neke haere te ohuraa a tawhio noa te karihi, i planetary.

Mahi o Niels Bohr

E rua tau i muri mai, te ahupūngao Danish Niels Bohr tamata ki te whakakotahi i nga ariā o te hanganga o te ngota ki te āhuatanga aronui o te marama. hoatu tauira karihi o Rutherford o te ngota i pūtaiao i roto i te pūtake o tona ariā hou. I roto i te Bohr ngota whakaaro huri tōu te matua i roto i ngā āmionga porohita. arata'i poroāwhio kaupapa pērā ki te whakatere o irahiko. I tua atu, haere tahi te pāhekoheko Coulomb o enei matūriki ki te ngota pokapū e te hanga me te whakapaunga o te pūngao ki te mau tonu i te mara hiko mokowā puta i te nekehanga o ngā irahiko. I raro i taua tikanga, kia hinga ake matūriki tōraro whakatupato ki te karihi. Otiia e kore e tenei puta, tohu e te pūmautanga rahi o ngota rite pūnaha. te kitenga o Niels Bohr e kore e mahi i te ture o thermodynamics puāwaitanga, whakaahuatia e te whārite o Maxwell i roto i ngā āhuatanga ira. Na reira, whakaturia pūtaiao i roto i ki te kawe ture hou e e mau i te matūriki timatanga i roto i te ao.

marôraa a Bohr

Te nuinga e tika ana ki te meka i reira ko tetahi tauira o Rutherford, kua pai ako te ngota me ona wāhanga, i taea ki te whakatata te hanganga o ona mau marôraa Niels Bohr. Ko te tuatahi o enei āhua e ngota kua he huru tū i roto i nei e kore e reira e whakarereketia tona pūngao me te irahiko te kupu neke i roto i āmiotanga kahore te huri tona poroāwhio. E ai ki te postulate tuarua, te whakawhiti o te irahiko i tetahi ohuraa ki tetahi puta wehe pūngao ranei absorption. Ko reira rite ki te rerekētanga pūngao i waenganui i te mua, me te angitu āhua o te ngota. I roto i tenei take, ki te hūpeke he irahiko ki ofi ki te matua o te āmionga, kua tukuna reira pūngao (pūaho), a hurihia. Ahakoa te meka e te kaupapa o irahiko whakauaua rite trajectory orbital tikanga taea tuwhera tino circumferential Bohr ki te whiwhi whakamārama pai mo te oraraa o te tūāwhiorangi rārangi o te ngota hauwai. Huri noa te wa taua,, whakapumautia physicists Hertz ko Frank, e noho i roto i Germany te kaipūtaiao Niels Bohr e pā ana ki te oraraa o pahoho, āhua pūmau o te ngota me te taea o ngā rerekētanga i roto i te uara pūngao ngota.

Te mahi tahi i waenganui i te pūtaiao e rua

E te ara, Rutherford mo te wa roa e kore i taea e te whakatau te tiaki o te karihi. tamata Scientists Mātenga me Geiger ki te kawe i roto i ngā kerēme ripeka-arowhai o Ernest Rutherford, me rite ki te hua o ngā tupato, me te kiko, me ngā tātaitanga kua tae mai ki te mutunga e ko te reira te matua o te āhuatanga nui o te ngota, me arotahi reira tiaki katoa ona. I muri i whakamatauria ai e he numera rite ki te uara o te tau raupapa o te huānga i roto i te ripanga pūmotu D. I. Mendeleeva te tiaki karihi. Te mea faahiahia, hohoro tutaki nga Niels Bohr ki Rutherford me tino whakaae ki ana whakaaro. I muri, kua roa mahi tahi aivanaa i roto i te taiwhanga taua. tauira o Rutherford o te ngota rite te pūnaha tënei o pūmotu i ako matūriki - whakaaro katoa Niels Bohr tika, me te mo whakatakotoria peka ratou tauira hiko katoa. kua mahi rangahau tahi o pūtaiao kua tino angitu, me te kua whanau hua. rere ia o ratou ki roto ki te ako o nga āhuatanga o matūriki timatanga, a hanga āhuatanga nui i roto i te pūtaiao. I muri mai, kitea Rutherford me i whakamatauria te taea o whakawhänui te matua, engari e te he kaupapa mo tetahi tuhinga.