Sociology - te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te hapori, tona mahi me te whanaketanga

Ko te kupu "pāpori" mai i te Latin "societas" (hapori) me te kupu Kariki "Hoyos" (whakaako). Mai i tenei whai reira e pāpori - te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te hapori. whakahere matou ki a koutou te tiki maheni ki tenei mara ngā o te ako.

Poto i runga i te whanaketanga o te pāpori

Humanity i ngā wāhanga katoa o tona hītori, e ngana ana ki te hanga tikanga o te hapori. He maha whakaaro o tawhito korero e pā ana ki reira (Aristotle, Plato). Heoi, i te wā "pāpori" i roto i te revolution pūtaiao whakaurua i anake i roto i te 30raa o te rau tau 19. I whakaurua te reira e Ogyust Kont, philosopho French. Kei te kaha te Sociology hei pūtaiao motuhake i hanga i roto i Europa i roto i te rau tau 19. Nuinga hakune i roto i tona whanaketanga whai wāhi pūtaiao, tuhituhi i roto i Tiamana, Wīwī, me te reo Ingarihi.

Ko te kaiwhakarewa o te pāpori me te o tona koha ki te pūtaiao

Ogyust Kont - tangata, e tika ana ki nei i reira ko te putanga o te pāpori rite te pūtaiao. Tau o te ora i te reira - 1798-1857. Ko te wā tuatahi ka korero ia o te hiahia ki te tohatoha i te reira i roto i te ako motuhake a te tuturu o te hiahia. Heoi i reira ko pāpori. whakaahua poto te takoha o te kaiputaiao, mōhio tatou e ko te reira ano hoki te tuatahi ki te tautuhi ona tikanga, me te kaupapa. Ogyust Kont Ko te kaiwhakarewa o positivism ariā. E ai ki tenei ariā, he mea e tika ana i roto i te ako o ngā ari pāpori ki te whakatū i te turanga taunakitanga, rite ki te tetahi e kua te pūtaiao māori. whakapono Comte e pāpori - te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te hapori anake falala ki tikanga pūtaiao, me e taea e koe te whiwhi pārongo tëtehi. Tenei, mo te tauira, tikanga o te mātakitaki, te tātari hītori, me te whakatairite o nga meka o te whakamātau, te tikanga o te whakamahi i tatauranga, me te tahi atu.

Kua takaro te putanga o te pāpori i te wāhi nui i roto i te ako o te hapori. whakaarohia Auguste Comte te huarahi pūtaiao ki he mahara ki ona tohenga natulá ātete e pā ana ki reira, e i te wa e patua ana metaphysics. E ai ki te aronga taumauri, te parau mau i roto i nei ora ia, ia o tatou ko te ļa o to tatou whakaaro. I muri whakaarohia Comte te huarahi pūtaiao, i whakatakotoria pāpori turanga. Ia ka anga tonu ki te whakawhanake hei pūtaiao tëtehi.

Redefining te ihirangi o te kaupapa

Tae noa te mutunga o te tirohanga rau 19 o reira, ka rite ki te pūtaiao pāpori ōrite, taea ana e ia i roto i ngā porowhita pūtaiao. Heoi, rangahau whakahaere i roto i te mutunga o te 19 - wawe senituli hono 20, kua whakawhanakehia ake pāpori ariā. ka anga te reira ki te kia tohaina, tahi ki ture, taupori, ōhanga me te tahi atu āhuatanga, me te pāpori. I roto i tenei whakaaro, ki te kaupapa o te moni ki a tatou, te pūtaiao kua āta huri tona ihirangi. ka anga ia ki te kia heke ki te ako o te whanaketanga pāpori, tona taha pāpori.

Ko te takoha o Emilya Dyurkgeyma

Ko te pūtaiao tuatahi nei tautuhi tenei pūtaiao rite te tauwhāiti, rerekē i te tikanga ā iwi, ko te tangata tohe Wīwī Emil Dyurkgeym (tau o te ora - 1858-1917). Ko te whakawhetai ki a ia mutu taua pāpori ki te kia i titiro rite ōrite ki te ako pūtaiao pāpori. ka motuhake ia, ka whakatika i roto i te maha o te tahi atu tikanga ā.

Ko te institutionalization o te pāpori i roto i Russia

whakatakotoria Fundamentals o te pāpori i roto i to tatou whenua i muri i roto i te Haratua 1918 tangohia he taumira o te CPC. I faaite te reira i roto i taua i te hapori rangahau ko tetahi o nga mahi matua o te pūtaiao Soviet. I roto i Russia, mo tenei whakaaro i whakaturia Institute sociobiological. I roto i te St Petersburg University i te taua tau i hanga ai te tuatahi i roto i te tari oraraa totiare Russian, ahu e Pitirim Sorokin.

I roto i te tukanga o te whanaketanga i roto i tenei pūtaiao, e rua kāinga me te ke, tīpako 2 taumata: tonotono me microsociological.

Whänui me te microsociology

Macrosociology - Ko te ako o ngā hanganga pāpori: pūtahi mātauranga, pāpori, tōrangapū, te utuafare, ōhanga i roto i ngā o ratou whanaungatanga me te mahi. Hei wāhanga o tenei huarahi e hoki tatou te iwi ako te hunga e whai wāhi i roto i ngā hanganga pāpori.

I te taumata o te pāhekoheko o takitahi microsociology. Ko te tuhinga matua o reira ko, e taea te mohio ki nga ari i roto i te hapori mā te tātari i te takitahi me ana tumu, mahi, whanonga, ngā uara e whakatau i te pāhekoheko ki ētahi atu. Tenei hanganga taea ki a koe te whakapūtā te kaupapa o te pūtaiao rite te ako o te hapori, me ona pūtahi pāpori.

huarahi Lenin Marxist-

ka whakatika te ariā Marxist-Leninist he huarahi rerekē ki he mahara ki te ako e anaanatae tatou. Sociology Model reira he toru-ATE: akoranga hōhonu, ariā motuhake, me te nounou tao'a hītori. āhuatanga tēnei huarahi e te hiahia ki te tomo ki roto ki te pūtaiao o Marxism hanganga tirohanga, ki te waihanga i tētahi hononga i waenganui i te nounou tao'a hītori (kaupapa pāpori) me ari oraraa totiare motuhake. Ko te kaupapa o te ako i roto i tenei take riro te ariā taumauri o te whanaketanga pāpori. Ko, pāpori me te rapunga whakaaro e kotahi te mea. Ko reira mārama e ko te tūnga he tenei. Kua tawhiti tenei huarahi te pāpori o Marxism i te tukanga o te whanaketanga o te mōhiotanga e pā ana ki te hapori ao.

He hiahia i roto i te pūtaiao e kore e taea te heke ki te rapunga whakaaro pāpori matou, kia rite ki te āhuatanga o tona huarahi faaite ake i roto i te tahi atu ariā me ngā kāwai, fakafekau'aki ki meka tëtehi verifiable. Tuatahi o te katoa, he āhuatanga reira rite te pūtaiao ko te kaha ki te hamani ngā i roto i te hapori pāpori whakahaere, ngā hononga me ngā pūtahi rite ki te kia ako ki te awhina o raraunga tëtehi.

Huarahi o te tahi atu mau ihi i roto i te pāpori

Kia mōhio e tuhu Comte 2 āhuatanga o tenei pūtaiao:

1) te hiahia ki te tono ki te ako o te hapori tikanga pūtaiao;

2) te whakamahi o ngā raraunga whiwhi i roto i te mahi.

Sociology i roto i te tātari o te hapori whakamahi huarahi me etahi atu pūtaiao. Ko te kupu, ko te whakamahi o te huarahi taupori āhei te ako o te taupori me te mahi a te tangata e pā ana ki reira. whakamārama hoki Psychological te whanonga o takitahi te whakamahi i ngā waiaro pāpori me mana'o turai. Group, huarahi obschnostny ranei ko ki ako i te whanonga ngātahi o ngā rōpū, ngā hapori, me te whakahaere. rangahau ahurea whanonga tangata i roto i ngā uara pāpori, ture, tikanga.

inaianei whakatau hanganga Sociology e kei reira he plurality o ariā me ngā ariā e pā ana ki te ako o ngā āpure tauwhāiti kaupapa: haapa'oraa, taunekeneke whānau, iwi, ahurea, me ētahi atu.

Huarahi taumata macrosociology

I roto i te māramatanga o te hapori rite te pūnaha, arā taumata macrosociological, ka taea e tatou wehewehe rua huarahi matua. Ko reira e pā ana ki te rapurongoā, mahi.

functionalism

puta ariā mahi tuatahi i roto i te rau tau 19. Ko te whakaaro o te huarahi no ki Herbert Spencer (whakaahua i runga ake), ki te whakarite hapori tangata ki te rauropi ora. Ka rite ki a ia, ngā reira o nga wahi maha -. Tōrangapū, ōhanga, hōia, hauora, me ētahi atu I tua atu, i ia o ratou kua he mahi motuhake. Sociology he ona ake raruraru motuhake e pā ana ki te ako o enei mahi. E te ara, te ingoa o te ariā (functionalism) i konei.

whakaarohia Emil Dyurkgeym he ariā taipitopito i roto i tenei huarahi. tonu te reira ki te whakawhanake i R. Merton, T. Parsons. Ko te whakaaro taketake o te functionalism e whai ake nei: hapori e matau reira rite te pūnaha o ngā wāhanga ngātahi, i roto i nei i reira he tikanga na e te mau tonu tana pūmautanga. I tua atu, i te akiaki o panoni kunenga i roto i te hapori. Ko tōna pūmautanga me te tapatahi i hanga i runga i te pūtake o enei mau huru katoa.

ariā o papā

Ka rite ki ariā mahi (ki etahi rahuitia) e taea te i titiro rite Marxism. Heoi, kua tātarihia reira i roto i te pāpori Western i te tirohanga rerekē. Mai whakaaro Marx (aroaro tona whakaahua kei te runga ake) te puna matua o te whanaketanga o te hapori te pakanga i waenganui i nga akomanga, ka whakahaere i runga i tenei kaupapa, ko te whakaaro o tona mahi me te whanaketanga o te huarahi pēnei i roto i te ingoa motuhake te pāpori uru - papā ariā. Mai i te wāhi o te tirohanga o Marx, pakanga piha me tona otinga - te kaha peia o hītori. Mai i tenei aru reira te hiahia mo te whakariterite anō o te hapori i roto i te revolution.

I roto i nga kaitautoko o te huarahi ki te hapori i roto i ngā o te pakanga kia tuhia pūtaiao German pērā i R. Dahrendorf me Georg Simmel. Ko te whakamutunga whakaaro e whakatika pakanga i te oraraa o te parapara o te riri, kino ake ngaa nei i te mea he taupatupatunga o ngā ngākau nuitanga. Tohe Dahrendorf e ratou puna matua - te mana o etahi i runga i etahi atu. I waenganui te mana, me te he i te reira, a kahore he he pakanga.

Huarahi taumata microsociology

Te taumata tuarua, microsociological, i roto i pera-ka karanga interaktsionalizma ariā whakawhanakehia (te kupu "pāhekoheko" tikanga "te tauhohe i"). He wāhi nui i roto i tona whanaketanga takaro Charles H. Cooley, William James, Hoani. G. Meade, Hoani. Dewey, H. Garfinkel. Ko te hunga e whakawhanakehia te ariā interactionist, whakapono e taea te mohio ki te taunekeneke i waenganui i te iwi te whakamahi i utu kāwai me whiu - i muri i te mea tenei katoa he aha te whakatau whanonga tangata.

Tūnga ariā he wahi motuhake i roto i te microsociology. He aha te āhuatanga i tēnei wāhi? Sociology - te pūtaiao, i roto i nei te tūranga o te ariā whakawhanakehia e te aivanaa pērā i R. K. Merton, Ya L. Moreno, R. Linton.. Mai i te wāhi o te tirohanga o tenei au, te ao pāpori - te whatunga o statuses pāpori (tūranga) e pā ana ki ia atu. whakamārama ratou whanonga tangata.

whakarōpū Base, te coexistence o ariā me ngā kura

pāpori pūtaiao, ui ki tukanga tupu i roto i te hapori, whakarōpū reira hoki ngā take. Hei tauira, mā te ako i te wāhanga o tona whanaketanga rite te pūtake e taea te tango tatou i te whanaketanga o te hangarau me te ope hua (J. Galbraith). I roto i te iho o Marxism i te pūtake o te whakarōpūtanga - te whakaaro o te hanganga. Ka taea te whakarōpūtia Society i runga i te pūtake o te mana reo, karakia, me etahi atu. Ko te tikanga o tetahi wehenga pera he tika ki te matau e ko te reira i roto i to tatou wa.

hangaia pāpori Modern te na e vai te reira i runga i rite te ariā rerekē me ngā kura. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, ka whakakahore te whakaaro o te ariā ao te. Kua timata Scientists ki mai ki te mutunga e te tikanga pakeke i roto i tenei pūtaiao reira. Heoi, Tei to ratou kounga i runga i te pai o te whakaata o te tukanga tupu i roto i te hapori. Ko te tikanga o enei tikanga takoto i roto i te meka e te āhuatanga ake, a kahore he momo o ona take, homai te faufaa matua.

pāpori ōhanga

Tenei aho o te hapori rangahau, e whai wāhi he tātaritanga i te tirohanga o te ariā pāpori o ngā mahi ohaoha. Ko tōna māngai He Weber, Marx, Sombart, Schumpeter me etahi atu pāpori Ōhanga -. Ko te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te huinga o te iwi whānui tukanga pāpori-ōhanga. Ka taea e ratou ana ki te kāwanatanga ranei hokohoko, me ngā tāngata takitahi whare ranei. Ko te kupu, ngā tikanga o te kohikohinga raraunga me te tātaritanga, tae atu oraraa totiare. Sociology Economic i roto i te anga o te huarahi positivist, matau rite te pūtaiao e tuatapapa i te whanonga o tetahi rōpū nui pāpori. I roto i tenei take, he mea e kore e hiahia i roto i te ahua o te whanonga tetahi, ka pā ana ki te whakamahi, me te tango o te moni, me te tahi atu rawa.

Sociology Institute (Russian Academy o Sciences)

I teie mahana, i roto i Russia reira ko te faanahoraa nui, kōrero ki te Russian Academy o Sciences. Institute tenei o Sociology. Tona whāinga matua - whakatinanatanga o te rangahau taketake i roto i te mara o te pāpori, me te rangahau tono i roto i tenei rohe. whakaturia te Institute i roto i 1968. Mai i tenei wa ko reira te faanahoraa matua o to matou whenua i roto i tenei mara o te matauranga pērā i te pāpori. Rangahau ko reira o faufaa nui. Mai 2010, whakaputa ia "Bulletin o te Institute o Sociology" - te pūtaiao e-hautaka. maha Tapeke o ngā kaimahi, ko te pā ana ki 400 iwi, o nei āhua 300 ngā kaimahi rangahau. Whakahaere ngā hui, hui, pānui.

I tua atu, mahi te Tari o Sociology GAUGN i te pūtake o tenei institution. Ahakoa ngā ākonga anake e pā ana ki 20 ia tau whakaurua tenei manga, he mea e tika ana ki te whakaata i runga i te hunga e kua whiriwhiri te aronga o "pāpori".